Hadım Şehabeddin Pasha

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Hadım Şehabeddin Pascha , sometimes also Kula Şahin Pascha , (* 14th or 15th century ; † 1453 in Bursa ) was an Ottoman general and governor who served under Sultan Mehmed II . As a young man deported to the Sultan's court as part of the boy harvest , he became a palace eunuch ( hadım ) and rose to the top white palace eunuch ( Kapı Ağası ). He became a close advisor to the Sultan before becoming Sandschakbey in Albania and Beylerbey of Rumelia . Şehabeddin was seen as a supporter of an aggressive expansion policy of the Ottoman Empire . He commanded the armed forces when the fortress Novo Brdo was taken in 1441. After his army was defeated in a battle against Johann Hunyadi in September 1442, he was deposed as Beylerbey. After 1444 he was mentioned again briefly as Beylerbey of Rumelia.

Life

Şehabeddin is generally equated with Kula Şahin Pasha . In some sources, the epithet "Kula" is incorrectly translated as "brown falcon", although kula indicates his origin as a slave ( kul ), as he was kidnapped to the Sultan's court as part of the boy harvest. "Şahin" is an abbreviation of "Şehabeddin". The founding inscription in the Kirazli Mosque from 1436/37, which is generally considered to be the founding of Şehabeddin, names his father “Abdullah”. He was brought to the Ottoman court as a slave at a very young age and was perhaps of Georgian descent. He attended the palace school Enderun and served as court eunuch ( hadim ) in the sultan's harem and in the palace.

Hadım Şehabeddin Mosque and Türbe in Plovdiv

Hadım Şehabeddin rose quickly in the hierarchy at the sultan's court and was soon promoted by the sultan to the top white palace eunuch ( Kapı Ağası ), who was in the rank of minister responsible for the selection of the eunuchs, served as an intermediary between the sultan and the outside world and the palace school (Enderun) headed. In this position he was also the recipient of all petitions to the Sultan, which gave him great power.

The first position of Şehabeddins outside the Sultan's Palace took him to Gjirokastra , where he became Sanjakbey of Sanjak Albania . In 1439 he was appointed to one of the highest military positions in the empire and became the Beylerbey of the Eyâlet Rumelia . Şehabeddin was considered a hardliner in the Sultan's Palace and was an advocate of an aggressive expansion policy of the Ottoman Empire. To be Hadim also meant that he had access to the sultan's family and so also to the later Sultan Mehmed II, for whose desire for an expansion of the empire he could have been responsible.

Against the orders of Şehabeddin, the Ottoman forces captured and occupied the medieval fortress Žrnov on the top of Avala (now in Serbia ) and placed the castle under the direct supervision of the pasha.

On June 27, 1441, troops under the command of Şehabeddin captured the Novo Brdo fortress after they had sacked and burned the city of the same name. Şehabeddin received the Ragusian diplomat Primović in Dobrijevo near Vučitrn and advised him that the Republic of Ragusa should "honor" the Sultan with rich gifts if it wanted to avoid paying tribute to the Ottoman Empire. They took his advice and, after negotiations with the palace, agreed to send rich gifts to the Ottoman ruler every year.

On 2 or 6 September 1442 Murad II sent. An army under the command of Şehabeddin and 16 his subordinate Sandschakbeys into Wallachia to Vlad II. Dracul to kill. But the Ottoman forces were attacked and defeated near the Ialomița River by the army of Johann Hunyadi. After the defeat, Şehabeddin was deposed. In 1444, Şehabeddin appeared as the commander of the armed forces against Orhan, the challenger to the sultanthron, and was again in Varna as Beylerbey of Rumelia .

His advocacy of an aggressive expansion policy made him, together with Akşemseddin, the main rival of Grand Vizier Çandarlı II. Halil Pasha , who reacted rather cautiously to the expansion policy, refused an attack on Constantinople and primarily wanted to secure the throne.

Hadım Şehabeddin died in Bursa in 1453 after witnessing the success of the expansion policy with the conquest of the Byzantine capital Constantinople and after Çandarlı Halil Pasha had been executed by the Sultan.

legacy

Şehabeddin had a mosque built in Adrianople in 1436 , known as Hacı Şahabettin Camii or Kirazlı Camii ( German  cherry mosque ). The writer Evliya Çelebi noted that Şehabeddin had a mosque built in Plovdiv with a madrasa , han and caravanserai named after him.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ F. Th. Dijkema: The Ottoman Historical Monumental Inscriptions in Edirne . Brill, 1977, ISBN 90-04-05062-0 , pp. 24f.
  2. ^ A b c Clifford J. Rogers, Kelly DeVries, John France: Journal of Medieval Military History Boydell Press, 2012, ISBN 978-1-84383-747-3 , p. 154
  3. ^ A b John Jefferson: The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438-1444 . Brill, ISBN 90-04-21904-8 , p. 13
  4. ↑ Orientalski Otdel: Inventory of Ottoman Turkish documents about Waqf preserved in the Oriental Department at the St. Cyril and Methodius National Library: Registers . Narodna biblioteka "Sv. Sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ, 2003, p. 243
  5. ↑ Dijkema (1977), p. 25
  6. ↑ Jefferson (2012), p. 84
  7. ↑ Mehmet Süreyya Bey, Ali Aktan: Tezkire-i meşâhir-i Osmaniyye . Sebil Yayınevi, 1996, p. 196
  8. ↑ Jefferson (2012), p. 13
  9. ↑ Jefferson (2012), p. 85
  10. ↑ Dragoslav Srejović, Slavko Gavrilović, Sima M. Ćirković: Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) . Srpska književna zadruga, 1982, p. 254
  11. ^ Nikola Tasić: Istorija Beograda . Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, Balkanološki institut, 1995, p. 68
  12. ↑ Kenneth M. Setton, Harry W. Hazard, Norman P. Zacour: A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe . University of Wisconsin Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0-299-10744-4 , p. 267
  13. ↑ Colin Imber: The Ottoman empire: 1300–1481 . Isis, 1990, ISBN 978-975-428-015-9 , p. 119
  14. ↑ Vesnik . Vojni muzej JNA, 1957, p. 223
  15. ↑ Godišnjak Društva istoričara of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Društvo istoričara Bosne i Hercegovine, 1986, p. 86
  16. ^ Constantin C. Giurescu, Horia C. Matei: Histoire Chronologique de la Roumanie . Editura științifică și enciclopedică, 1976, p. 88
  17. ↑ Jefferson (2012), p. 280
  18. ↑ Jefferson (2012), p. 85
  19. ↑ Halil İnalcık : The Ottoman Empire. The Classical Age 1300-1600 . Phoenix, London 1973, pp. 17-26
  20. ↑ Sahabettin Paşa (Hadım)
  21. ↑ Jefferson (2012), p. 85
  22. ^ John Freely: A History of Ottoman Architecture . WIT Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84564-506-9 , p. 82
  23. ↑ Zbornik za Istocnjacku Istorisku i Knjizevnu Gradu: Serija 1 . 1940, p. 1119
personal data
SURNAME Hadım Şehabeddin Pasha
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Kula Şahin Pasha
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Ottoman governor, general and palace eunuch
DATE OF BIRTH 14th or 15th century
DATE OF DEATH 1453
Place of death Bursa