plastic surgery

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The plastic surgery or cosmetic surgery is a surgical procedure without medical indication . The plastic surgery thus serves to beautify the human body, which is often only perceived subjectively . a. thus against the body modification .

Cosmetic surgery and cosmetic surgery are not defined by medical professional associations and trade areas and may (except according to the Federal Constitutional Court Deutsches, make of all in Germany doctors pure dentists offered) and be executed. “Cosmetic operations” are aesthetic operations. Recognized aesthetic surgery is part of the specialist field of plastic and aesthetic surgery in Germany, the specialist field of plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery in Switzerland and the specialty of plastic, aesthetic and reconstructive surgery in Austria .

Social

Motifs

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Implants are used, for example, to achieve a permanent, training-independent “muscular” appearance, for example in the male breast

Enhancing and improving one's own appearance is the main motive for these types of surgery. Often the motive is professional. It is not about getting closer to a general ideal of beauty, but about gaining a competitive advantage in a targeted manner. For example, a more delicate face (by means of a smaller nose) in the casting show, lowering the body fat percentage by sucking off fat for certain sports, a subtle facelift in order to match certain roles in acting even in old age, or the definition of muscles using implants in male models are areas of application.

However, media attention is directed more towards people who have had numerous plastic surgeries and who follow an extreme ideal of beauty, such as that of dolls or cartoon characters. These people are attested to have a dysmorphophobia , according to which they have a very different perception of their appearance compared to their environment. Originally they find themselves ugly (even disfigured) and with the operations they pursue the goal of producing their ideal image .

Aesthetic Surgery in Popular Culture

"Cosmetic surgery" was a repeated theme in feature films, e. See, for example, The Rival (1973), Fedora (1978) and 200 Pounds of Beauty (2006). The documentary Modify (2005) also deals with this topic. The German private broadcaster VOX (RTL Gruppe) dedicated a series in docu-soap format called Spieglein Spieglein to the topic . The Austrian private broadcaster ATV dedicated a series in docu-soap format called A Life for Beauty .

It was also a topic for musicians:

  • Chanson "Because of Emil his indecent lust" (1929; M .: Paul Strasser, T .: Julian Arendt ) by the folk singer Claire Waldoff
  • Chanson "The Beauty from the New World" by the songwriter Max Biundo

Risks

Every operation is associated with dangers, including cosmetic surgery . General risks such as embolism , thrombosis and allergies are mostly treated with the prophylactic administration of special drugs. Targeted pre- and post-operative measures can also contribute to the healing process.

In addition to the risk of swelling, bruises, visible scars and infections, these operations can also be fatal: For example, the Argentine model Solange Magnano died of a pulmonary embolism in 2009 after having had plastic surgery on her buttocks two days earlier. In 2011, the porn actress Sexy Cora died of anesthesia errors and incorrect resuscitation during breast surgery.

Another danger comes from the unrealistic expectations of patients.

Assumption of costs

In Germany, statutory health insurance does not assume any costs for cosmetic surgery that is carried out at the patient's request for aesthetic improvement. In these cases, the total costs, including loss of earnings, must be borne by the patient . Statutory insured persons who have undergone a medically not indicated measure, such as cosmetic surgery , a tattoo or a piercing , also have to contribute appropriately to the costs of a complication resulting therefrom, including the daily sickness allowance. Doctors and hospitals are obliged to notify them of secondary illnesses of medically unnecessary treatments . In addition, there is no entitlement to continued remuneration in the event of incapacity for work , as the employer only has to bear the normal risk of illness for the employee.

There are various providers of so-called follow -up cost insurance to cover the financial risks of fateful complications after cosmetic surgery .

See also

literature

  • Angelica Ensel: In his own image. Cosmetic Surgery and Creation Fantasies in Western Medicine . eFeF, 1996, ISBN 3-905561-02-6 .
  • Sander L. Gilman : Creating Beauty to Cure the Soul: Race and Psychology in the Shaping of Aesthetic Surgery . Duke University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8223-2144-0 .
  • Elizabeth Haiken: Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery . Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8018-5763-5 .
  • Wolfgang Kümpel: Guide to cosmetic surgery: seize opportunities, avoid risks . Fotzick Verlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-929338-18-1 .
  • Annelie Ramsbrock: Corrected Bodies. A story of artificial beauty in modern times . Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-8031-2656-6 .
  • Katharina Westerhorstmann: On the way to a tailor-made body? Ethical reflections on aesthetic surgery . In: Ethica , 17, 2009, pp. 311-334.
  • Birgit von Essen, Marian Stefan Mackowski: Plastic Surgery - Aesthetic Surgery . In: Margret Liehn, Brigitte Lengersdorf, Lutz Steinmüller and Rüdiger Döhler (eds.): OP manual. Basics, instruments, surgical procedure . 6th, updated and expanded edition. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-49280-2 , pp. 727-747.

Web links

Wiktionary: Plastic Surgery  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ BVerfG, 1 BvR 2383/10 of February 1, 2011, paragraph no. (1 - 33).
  2. ↑ Eva Dignös: Dysmorphophobia: Imagined ugliness is the purest torture . Welt Online , February 4, 2015; accessed on November 7, 2017.
  3. ↑ youtube.com
  4. ↑ atv.at
  5. ↑ Claire Waldoff: Because of Emil his indecent lust .
  6. ↑ Chanson “The Beauty from the New World” by the songwriter Max Biundo .
  7. ↑ Thomas Nitzsche: Treatment process from A to Z, section Risk . Klinik am Rosental Leipzig, accessed on May 17, 2013.
  8. ^ Beauty queen Solange Magnano 'died for a firmer behind' . Times Online, December 1, 2009; Retrieved August 9, 2011.
  9. ↑ Fatal breast surgery - suspended sentence for Sexy Cora's doctor . stern.de; Retrieved February 5, 2013
  10. ↑ Interview by Nina Bublitz with Jürgen Margraf: Long-term study: Well-being from the knife? Psychological effects of aesthetic surgery ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Dr-tacke.com (PDF; 45 kB) accessed on May 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dr-tacke.com
  11. ↑ Manfred Löwisch, Alexander Beck. In: Betriebsberater , 2007, pp. 1960–1961.
  12. ↑ For those with statutory health insurance, the health insurance company can restrict or refuse benefits in accordance with Section 52 (2) SGB V in these cases .