Door snails
| Door snails | ||||||||||||
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Montenegro door snail ( Montenegrina cattaroensis ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Clausiliidae | ||||||||||||
| Mørch , 1864 |
The door snails (Clausiliidae) are a family of snails from the suborder of the land snails (Stylommatophora). They are characterized by the so-called clausial device, which allows the animals to close the housing with a movable cover. The oldest representatives of the door snails appear in the Maastrichtian (? Campanium ). The largest examples of the generally rather small forms of this family reach a case height of up to 80 mm. They are widespread with numerous species, especially in southern Europe.
features
Door snails have a tall, tower-shaped wound shell into which they can completely withdraw. The case mouth has a typical shape with numerous folds, the shape and size of which is decisive for the determination. The housing surface is mostly smooth, but in some species it is also finely ribbed or provided with lamellar folds. The housing can be closed with a special housing lock, the clausilium , which is characteristic for the whole family . It consists of a spoon-shaped slab of lime with an elastic band that slides sideways into the casing when the snail crawls out of its casing. The door snails, which are rather inconspicuous in nature, reach casing lengths of only a few centimeters. In contrast to most species of snail, the shell of door snails is usually left-handed : When viewed from the front, the opening of the shell is on the left with the upper tip. Door snails are also known as "left-handed".
distribution and habitat
Door snails are distributed in numerous species across Europe, with a particular diversity of species in southern and eastern Europe up to the Mediterranean islands. Clausilien are land-dwelling and belong to the land snails ( Pulmonata ). Preferred locations are warm, humus-rich soils, e.g. Sometimes also dry locations. Some species live in forests on dead wood.
Systematics
The particularly rich family is divided into nine subfamilies by H.Nordsieck (2007).
Systematics of door snails
- Door snails (Clausillidae JEGray 1855)
- Subfamily Alopiinae AJWagner 1913
- Genus Agathylla H. & A. Adams 1855 (with two subgenera: A. (Agathylla) and A. (Agathyllina) H.Nordsieck 1969)
- Genus Albinaria Vest 1867 (also includes the former genera Carinigera Moellendorff 1873, Cristataria Vest 1867, Isabellaria Vest 1867, Sericata O.Boettger 1878)
- Genus Alopia H. & A. Adams 1855 (with two subgenera: A. (Alopia) and A. (Kimakowiczia) Szekeres 1969)
- Genus Barcania Brandt 1956
- Genus Charpentieria Stabile 1864 (with five subgenera: C. (Charpentieria) , C. (Gibbularia) Monterosato 1908, C. (Mauritanica) O.Boettger 1877, C. (Siciliaria) Vest 1867 and C. (Stigmatica) O.Boettger 1877 )
- Simplon door snail ( Charpentieria dyodon )
- Genus Cochlodina A. Ferussac 1821 (with four subgenera: C. (Cochlodina) , C. (Cochlodinastra) H.Nordsieck 1977, C. (Paracochlodina) H.Nordsieck 1969 and C. (Procochlodina) H.Nordsieck 1969)
- Smooth door snail ( Cochlodina laminata )
- Genus Delima Hartmann 1842 (with four subgenera: D. (Delima) , D. (Dugiana) Stamol & Slapnik 2002, D. (Piceata) O.Boettger 1877 and D. (Semirugata) O.Boettger 1877)
- Genus Dilataria Vest 1867
- Genus Herilla H. & A. Adams 1855
- Genus Lampedusa (with two sub-genera: L. (Imitatrix) Westerlund 1884 and L. (Lampedusa) )
- Genus Leucostigma AJWagner 1919
- Genus Macedonica O.Boettger 1877
- Genus Medora H. & A. Adams 1855
- Genus Montenegrina O.Boettger 1877
- Genus Muticaria Lindholm 1925
- Genus Papillifera Hartmann 1842
- Genus Protoherilla AJWagner 1921
- Genus Strigilodelima AJWagner 1924
- Genus Triloba Vest 1867
- Subfamily Baleinae AJWagner 1913
- Genus Alinda H. & A. Adams 1855 (with two subgenera: A. (Alinda) and A. (Pseudalinda) O.Boettger 1877)
- Genus Balea JEGray 1824
- Genus Bulgarica O.Boettger 1877 (with three subgenera: B. (Bulgarica) , B. (Pavlovicia) H.Nordsieck 1973 and B. (Strigilecula) Kennard & Woodward 1923)
- Genus Lacinaria Hartmann 1842
- Genus Likharevia H.Nordsieck 1975
- Genus Menissa H. & A. Adams 1855
- Genus Mentissella H.Nordsieck 1973
- Genus Micropontica O.Boettger 1881 (with two subgenera: M. (Baleopsina) Lindholm 1924 and M. (Micropontica) )
- Genus Mucronaria O.Boettger 1877 (with two subgenera: M. (Index) O.Boettger 1877 and M. (Mucronaria) )
- Genus Quadriplicata O.Boettger 1878
- Genus Vestia Hesse 1916 (with three subgenera: V. (Brabenecia) H.Nordsieck 1974, V. (Vestia) and V. (Vestiella) H.Nordsieck 1877)
- Subfamily Clausiliinae JEGray 1855
- Genus Clausilia Draparnaud 1805 (with two subgenera: C. (Clausilia) and C. (Strobeliella) H.Nordsieck 1977)
- Genus Erjavecia Brusina 1870
- Genus Fusulus Fitzinger 1833 (with two subgenera: F. (Erjaveciella) H.Nordsieck 1877 and F. (Fusulus) )
- Genus Graciliaria Bielz 1867
- Genus Julica H.Nordsieck 1963
- Genus Macrogastra Hartmann 1841 (with three subgenera: M. (Macrogastra) , M. (Pseudovestia) H.Nordsieck 1877 and M. (Pyrostoma) Vest 1867)
- Genus Micridyla H.Nordsieck 1973
- Genus Neostyriacus AJWagner 1920
- Genus Pseudofusulus H.Nordsieck 1977
- Genus Ruthenica Lindholm 1924
- Subfamily Garnieriinae C. Boettger 1926
- Genus Garnieria Bourguignat 1877
- Genus Grandinenia Minato & Chen 1984
- Genus Indonenia Ehrmann 1927
- Genus Megalauchenia H.Nordsieck 2007
- Genus Neniauchenia H.Nordsieck 2002
- Genus Tropidauchenia Lindholm 1924 (with two subgenera: T. (Euryauchenia) H.Nordsieck 2007 and T. (Tropidauchenia) )
- Subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz 1923
- Genus Bofilliella Ehrmann 1927
- Genus Neniatlanta Bouguignat 1876
- Subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm 1924
- Genus Acrotoma O.Boettger 1881 (with four subgenera: A. (Acrotoma) , A. (Acrotomina) H.Nordsieck 1977, A. (Bzybia) H.nordsieck 1977 and A. (Castelliana) Suvorov 2002)
- Genus Akramowskia H.Nordsieck 1975
- Genus Armenica O.Boettger 1877 (with two subgenera: A. (Armenica) and A. (Astrogena) Szekeres 1970)
- Genus Bitorquata O.Boettger 1877
- Genus Boettgeria O.Boettger 1863 (with two subgenera: B. (Boettgeria) and B. (Loosjesiella) Neubert & Groh 1998)
- Genus Elia H. & A. Adams 1855 (with four subgenera: E. (Acroeuxina) O.Boettger 1877, E. (Caucasica) O.Boettger 1877, E. (Elia) and E. (Megaleuxina) O.Boettger 1877)
- Genus Euxina O.Boettger 1877 (with two subgenera: E. (Euxina) and E. (Illunellaria) Lindholm 1924)
- Genus Euxinastra O.Boettger 1888 (with two subgenera: E. (Euxinastra) and E. (Odonteuxina) H.Nordsieck 1875)
- Genus Euxinella H.Nordsieck 1973
- Genus Filosa O.Boettger 1877
- Genus Galeata O.Boettger 1877
- Genus Idyla H. & A. Adams 1855 (with two subgenera: I. (Idyla) and I. (Strigilidyla) H.Nordsieck 1994)
- Genus Kazancia Neubert 1992 (with two subgenera: K. (Kazancia) and K. (Lasica) Neubert 1995)
- Genus Macroptychia O.Boettger 1877
- Genus Mentissoidea O Boettger 1877
- Genus Olympicola Hesse 1916
- Genus Phrygica H.Nordsieck 1994
- Genus Roseniella Thiele 1931 (with two subgenera: R. (Chavchetia) Neubert 1992 and R. (Roseniella) )
- Genus Sabaeola Lindholm 1925
- Genus Sprattia O.Boettger 1883
- Genus Strigileuxina H.Nordsieck 1975
- Genus Strumosa O.Boettger 1877
- Genus Sumelia H.Nordsieck 1994
- Subfamily Neniinae Wenz 1923
- Genus Andinia Polinski 1922
- Genus Andiniella Weyrauch 1958
- Genus Audiniastra H.Nordsieck 2005
- Genus Bequaertinenia Weyrauch 1964 (with two subgenera: B. (Bequaertinenia) and B. (Miranenia) Grego & Szekeres 2004)
- Genus Brevinenia Neubert & H.Nordsieck 2005
- Genus Columbinia Polinski 1924 (with three subgenera: C. (Columbinia) and C. (Paranenia) Rehder 1939, C. (Steatonenia) Pilsbry 1926)
- Genus Cyclonenia H.Nordsieck 1999
- Genus Cylindronenia Ehrmann in Pilsbry 1949 (with two subgenera: C. (Cylindronenia) and C. (Cylindroneniella) H.Nordsieck 2007)
- Genus Ehrmanniella Zilch 1949
- Genus Gonionenia Pilsbry 1926
- Genus Gracilinenia Polinski 1922
- Genus Hemicena Pilsbry 1949
- Genus Incaglaia Pilsbry 1949 (with two subgenera: I. (Gibbonenia) Zilch 1954 and I. (Incaglaia) )
- Genus Incania Polinski 1922
- Genus Leuconenia H.Nordsieck 2005
- Genus Nenia H. & A. Adams 1855
- Genus Neniaptyx H.Nordsieck 2007
- Genus Neniatracta Pilsbry 1926
- Genus Neniella Grego & Sekeres 2004
- Genus Neniops Pilsbry 1926
- Genus Nenisca Rehder 1939
- Genus Parabalea Ancey 1882
- Genus Peruinia Polinski 1922
- Genus Pfeifferiella Weyrauch 1957
- Genus Pseudogracilinenia Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel 1984
- Genus Steeriana Jousseaume 1900
- Genus Symptychiella H.Nordsieck 1999 (with two subgenera: S. (Divnenia) H.Nordsieck 2005 and S. (Symptychiella) )
- Genus Temesa H. & A. Adams 1855
- Genus Zilchiella Weyrauch 1957
- Subfamily Phadusinae AJWagner 1922
- Genus Acanthophaedusa H.Nordsieck 2007
- Genus Bathyptychia Lindholm 1925 (with three subgenera: B. (Bathyptychia) , B. (Brachyptychia) H.Nordsieck 2001 and B. (Strictiphaedusa) H.Nordsieck 2001)
- Genus Celsiphaedusa H.Nordsieck 2001
- Genus Cylindrophaedusa O.Boettger 1877 (with two subgenus: C. (Cylindrophaedusa) and C. (Montiphaedusa) H.Nordsieck 2002)
- Genus Dautzenbergiella Lindholm 1924 (with two subgenera: D. (Dautzenbergiella) and D. (Mansuyiella) H.Nordsieck 2003)
- Genus Diceratoptyx Pilsbry 1905
- Genus Euphaedusa O Boettger 1877 (with five sub-genera: E. (Dentiphaedusa) H.Nordsieck 2003, E. (Euphaedusa) , E. (Papilliphaedusa) H.Nordsieck 2003, E. (Tauphaedusa) H.Nordsieck 2003 and E. ( Telophaedusa) H. Nordsieck 2003)
- Genus Fuchsiana Gredler 1887
- Genus Hemiphaedusa O Boettger 1877 (with ten subgenera: H. (Dendrophaedusa) H.Nordsieck 2002, H. (Hemiphaedusa) , H. (Hemiphaedusoides) H.Nordsieck 2001, H. (Hemizaptyx) Pilsbry 1905, H. (Labyrinthiphaedusa) H.Nordsieck 2001, H. (Margaritiphaedusa) H.Nordsieck 2001, H. (Notoptychia) Ehrmann 1927, H. (Pinguiphaedusa) Azuma 1982, H. (Placeophaedusa) Minato 1994 and H. (Selenophaedusa) Lindholm 1924)
- Genus Heterozaptyx Pilsbry 1906
- Genus Juttingia Loosjes 1965 (with two subgenera: J. (Juttingia) and J. (Pseudohemiphaedusa) H.Nordsieck 2002)
- Genus Leptacme Ehrmann 1927
- Genus Lindholmiella Ehrmann 1927
- Genus Liparophaedusa Lindholm 1924
- Genus Loosjesia H.Nordsieck 2002
- Genus Luchuphaedusa Pilsbry 1901 (with two subgenus: L. (Luchuphaedusa) and L. (Nesiophaedusa) Pilsbry 1905)
- Genus Macrophaedusa Moellendorff 1883
- Genus Macrophaedusella H.Nordsieck 2001
- Genus Megalophaedusa O.Boettger 1877 (with four subgenera: M. (Meglophaedusa) , O. (Mesophaedusa) Ehrmann 1929, O. (Mesozaptyx) Kuroda 1963 and O. (Mundiphaedusa) Minato 1979)
- Genus Metazaptyx Pilsbry 1905
- Genus Miraphaedusa H.Nordsieck 2005
- Genus Oligozaptx Pilsbry 1905
- Genus Oospira Blanford 1872 (with five subgenera: O. (Atractophaedusa) Ehrmann 1927, O. (Formosana) O.Boettger 1877, O. (Formosanella) H.Nordsieck 2003, O. (Oospira) , O. (Paraformosella) H. Nordsieck 2003 and O. (Siphonophaedusa) Lindholm 1924)
- Genus Paraphedusa O.Boettger 1877
- Genus Parazaptyx Pilsbry 1905
- Genus Phaedusa H. & A. Adams 1855 (with four subgenera: P. (Metaphaedusa) H.Nordsieck 2001, P. (Phaedusa) , P. (Pseudophaedusa) Tomiyama 1984 and P. (Stereophaedusa) O.Boettger 1877)
- Genus Pliciphaedusa H.Nordsieck 1998
- Genus Pulchraptyx Minato 1981
- Genus Reinia Kobelt 1876 (with three subgenera R. (Parareinia) H.Nordsieck 1998, R. (Pictophaedusa) Azuma 1982 and R. (Reinia) )
- Genus Renschiphaedusa Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel 1973
- Genus Selenoptyx Pilsbry 1908
- Genus Serriphaedusa H.Nordsieck 2001
- Genus Sinigena Lindholm 1925
- Genus Stereozaptyx Pilsbry 1905
- Genus Streptodera Lindholm 1925
- Genus Synprosphyma Germain, 1919 (with two subgenera: S. (Excussispira) Lindholm, 1925 and S. (Synprosphyma) )
- Genus Thaumatoptyx Pilsbry 1908
- Genus Tyrannophaedusa Pilsbry 1901 (with two subgenera: T. (Aulacophaedusa) Azuma 1982 and T. (Tyrannophaedusa) )
- Genus Tyrannozaptyx kaufel 1930
- Genus Zaptychopsis Ehrmann 1927
- Genus Zaptyx Pilsbry 1901 (with two subgenera: Z. (Prozaptyx) Loosjes 1950 and Z. (Zaptyx) )
- Subfamily Serrulininae Ehrmann 1927
- Genus Caspiophaedusa Lindholm 1924
- Genus Dobatia H.Nordsieck 1973
- Genus Graecophaedusa Rähle 1982
- Genus Laeviphaedusa Likharev & Stelkov 1965
- Genus Microphaedusa H.Nordsieck 1978
- Genus Nothoserrulina Németh & Szekeres 1995
- Genus Pamphylica Németh & Szekeres 1995
- Genus Pravispira Lindholm 1924
- Genus Pontophaedusa Lindholm 1924
- Genus Pontophaedusella H.Nordsieck 1994
- Genus Sciocochlea C. Boettger 1935
- Genus Serrulina Mousson 1873 (with two subgenera: S. (Serrulina) and S. (Truncatophaedusa) Majoros, Németh & Szili-Kovácz 1994)
- Genus Serrulinella H.Nordsieck 1984
- Genus Tsoukatosia Gittenberger 2000 (with two subgenera: T. (Agiosspeleikos) A. & P. Reischütz 2003 and T. (Tsoukatosia) )
- Subfamily Alopiinae AJWagner 1913
Footnotes
literature
- Rosina Fechter and Gerhard Falkner: molluscs. 287 pp., Mosaik-Verlag, Munich 1990 (Steinbach's Nature Guide 10) ISBN 3-570-03414-3
- Jürgen H. Jungbluth and Dietrich von Knorre: Common names of land and freshwater mollusks in Germany (Gastropoda et Bivalvia). Mollusca, 26 (1): 105-156, Dresden 2008 ISSN 1864-5127 PDF
- Michael P. Kerney, RAD Cameron & Jürgen H. Jungbluth: The land snails of Northern and Central Europe. 384 pp., Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin 1983 ISBN 3-490-17918-8
- Hartmut Nordsieck: Worldwide Door Snails (Clausiliidae), recent and fossil. 214 pp., ConchBooks, Hackenheim 2007. ISBN 978-3-939767-07-7
Web links
Commons : Door snails (Clausiliidae) - Collection of images, videos and audio files
- NABU's statements on anticlockwise door snails , viewed on March 26, 2010