Jewish shelf

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In the Middle Ages and the early modern period, the Jewish shelf was a royal right to rule. Following on from the theologically legitimized servitude in the fate of the diaspora , the Judenregal placed this in a context of rule and property law, initially in the form of imperial servitude . With the Golden Bull of 1356, the protection of Jews was passed to the electors and successively to the sovereigns.

In addition to other financially usable sovereign rights ( regalia ), the Jewish shelf also contributed to the financing of the ruler's household.

Historical development

The basis for the Judenregal was formed by time-bound theological ideas, which Jews classified as fundamentally inferior and in need of protection. Ecclesiastical and secular law each contained their own protective powers, in which the claims of the medieval powers of the papacy and empire were rooted.

The royal peace , under which a wide variety of people could be placed, has always been a source of income for the royal coffers. Jews played a prominent role in this. As early as the Carolingian era , Jews were placed under royal protection against payment of a protective interest and received duty exemptions and individual royal privileges. The Carolingians differentiated between different status groups of Jews, but they were not regarded as serfs. In the Worms privilege of 1090, the Salians renewed and improved the protection of Jews and made them subject to the royal chamber. In 1236 Frederick II subordinated himself to all Jews across the empire as royal “chamberlains” and granted them protection from persecution in return for payment of protection money. Letters of protection were no longer given by princes or bishops to individual or groups of Jews, as in the early Middle Ages, but instead they were subject to interest in the imperial chamber. This tax privilege was transferable. As a result, after 1241, tax lists in German cities also showed a “Reich Jewry Tax”. With this legal construction he tied in with the concept of regalia.

Under Rudolf von Habsburg , the Jewish regal was interpreted as royal serfdom, which gave rise to the right to expropriate Jews without compensation if necessary. Since the interregnum , the king has lent the Jewish regal to the rising German territorial princes. Charles IV protected the Jews in his own domain , but did nothing to protect them at the level of the empire. In 1356, in the Golden Bull , he transferred the Jewish registers to the electors . The originally personal bond with the emperor now turned into salable goods that could also be lent and borrowed. The protective instrument turned into the opposite: active “participants in economic events” became “objects of economic policy”, the tolerance of which depended on the economic interests of the owner of the Judenregal.

With the emancipation legislation at the beginning of the 19th century and the abolition of serfdom , Jews became citizens with equal rights.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sabine Ullmann: Judenschutz Historisches Lexikon Bayerns , accessed on June 1, 2020.
  2. ^ Ernst Tremp: Regalien. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . December 23, 2011 .
  3. ^ Karl Heinz Burmeister : Tax on Jews. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . June 26, 2006 .
  4. ↑ Sabine Ullmann: Judenschutz Historisches Lexikon Bayerns , accessed on June 1, 2020.
  5. ^ Henning Eichberg : Minority and Majority (=  introductions. Story 2). Lit Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-643-11280-4 , p. 14.
  6. ↑ Kurt Schubert : Jüdische Geschichte (=  Beck'sche Reihe 2018). Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-39175-3 , p. 49.