Black calyx mushroom
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Black calyx mushroom ( Urnula craterium ) |
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| Urnula craterium | ||||||||||||
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The Black Goblet fungus ( Urnula craterium ) is a rare fungal art from the family of the gelatinous sphere relatives (Sarcosomataceae).
features
Macroscopic features
The black calyx forms first round, soon cup-shaped fruiting bodies with notched edges. They are 4–8 cm wide and have a 3–7 cm long stem. The fine felted outside is black-gray, the inner layer of fruit is black.
Microscopic features
The cylindrical tubes are up to 600 micrometers long and 15-17 μm wide. 8 spores mature in each . The narrow-elliptical, colorless and smooth-walled spores measure 25–35 × 13–14 µm. The equally colorless paraphyses have a thread-like shape and are branched at the tip.
Species delimitation
The similar winter calyx mushroom ( Urnula hiemalis ) does not have a real stem, but grows like a funnel and has smaller spores. The spore and fruiting bodies develop very slowly in winter and early spring. The species is rare.
Ecology and phenology
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The black calyx mushroom grows on hardwood branches lying on the ground in brook gorges and alluvial forests. It is suspected of causing cancer in oaks through its secondary crop form ( Conoplea globosa ) .
The black calyx mushroom appears in mild winters and in spring.
distribution
The black calyx is mainly known from Scandinavia but also from North America and Japan. It occurs very scattered in Germany. In Austria finds from Lower Austria and Burgenland are reported. The red list of large mushrooms in Germany lists the species as critically endangered (endangerment category 1).
meaning
ingredients
When cultivated, the black calyx mushroom produces bioactive substances that inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi such as the aspen fire sponge ( Phellinus tremulae ).
Systematics
The black calyx was first described in 1822 by Lewis David von Schweinitz as Peziza craterium . Elias Magnus Fries then placed it in 1851 as a type species in the genus Urnula established two years earlier .
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Svengunnar Ryman, Ingmar Holmåsen: Mushrooms . Bernhard Thalacker, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-87815-043-1 , p. 633 (718 pages).
- ↑ Donald M. Huffman, Lois H. Tiffany, George Knaphaus, Rosanne A. Healy: Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide) . 2nd ed. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City 2008, ISBN 978-1-58729-627-7 , pp. 295 (384 pages).
- ^ Frederick A. Wolf: Mechanism of apothecial opening and ascospore expulsion by the cup-fungus Urnula craterium . In: Mycologia . tape 50 . The Mycological Society of America, 1958, pp. 837-843 , doi : 10.2307 / 3755908 ( online ).
- ↑ a b Irma Zettur, Bellis Kullman: Urnula hiemalis - a rare and interesting species of the Pezizales from Estonia . In: Folia Cryptog. Estonica . tape 48 , ISSN 1736-7786 , p. 149–152 ( PDF; 396 kB ).
- ↑ Urnula craterium, distribution map. GBIF Portal, accessed December 6, 2019 .
- ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. Retrieved February 17, 2012 .
- ↑ Editor: Rote Liste Zentrum: Detail page - Rote Liste. Retrieved March 29, 2020 .
- ^ William A. Ayer: Application of natural products chemistry to a biological problem . In: Canadian Journal of Chemistry . 73 (4), 1995, pp. 465-470, doi : 10.1139 / v95-061 .
- ^ Lewis David von Schweinitz: Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris . In: Writings of the natural research society in Leipzig . tape 1 , 1822, p. 20-131 .
- ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Novae symbolae mycologicae, in peregrinis terris a botanicis danicis collectae . In: Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum upsaliensis . tape 1 (3) , 1851, pp. 17-136 .
