Wax crusty

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Wax crusty
Earth wax crust (Sebacina incrustans)

Earth wax crust ( Sebacina incrustans )

Systematics
Department : Stand mushrooms (Basidiomycota)
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Wax crusty
Scientific name
Sebacinales
Weiss , Selosse , Rexer , A. Urb. & Oberw.

The wax crust-like (Sebacinales) belong to the class of Agaricomycetes. The family contains 9 genera in two families. The species that are widespread worldwide live in the soil or in plant roots and usually only form inconspicuous fruiting bodies .

features

Although the Sebacinales only have simple morphological blueprints, they are characterized by a diversity that is unmatched by any other fungal order, which is divided into two families (previously the subgroups A and B) through phylogenetic studies. Only species of the Sebacinaceae (former group A) could be examined morphologically, while species of the Serendipitaceae (former group B) mostly live endophytically in plant roots and are therefore only poorly described morphologically. The species that develop fruiting bodies have longitudinally divided basidia and undivided pore caps ( parenthosomes in the Doliporus ).

distribution

The genera and species are distributed worldwide. The fungi are so universally distributed that no geographical distribution pattern can be identified.

ecology

The mushrooms live in the soil and are extremely diverse ecologically. In this way they can develop different types of mycorrhizae : Ectomycorrhiza, orchid mycorrhiza (for example with the avian nest root ), ericoid mycorrhiza and even jungermannioid mycorrhiza are known. These species mostly belong to group A. Species from group B usually live endophytically in plant roots. The host range is very broad; the fungi have so far been found in association with plants from 56 families, including mosses, ferns and seed plants. Because it occurs in agriculturally important species such as maize or wheat, the use of sebacinales to promote growth and control pests in cultivated plants is being discussed.

Fruit bodies of the opal-colored wax crust.

Systematics

The mycologist Robert Bandoni examined the ultrastructure of the septa by means of a transmission electron microscope and, based on the same Doliporus , placed the family in the order of the fungal ear-lobes (Auriculariales). Molecular genetic analyzes did not confirm this, however - the order Sebacinales is clearly independent. Presumably they form a sister group to the earth stars . In addition to the division of the Sebacinales into group A and group B, the system within the order is currently largely unclear. The genera Efibulobasidium , Sebacina and Tremellodendron are not monophyletic. It was recently shown that the species Sebacina epigaea and Sebacina incrustans are not monophyletic and represent cryptic species .

The Sebacinales consisted of only one family for a long time, but are now divided into two families. The former group A forms the family of the Sebacinaceae, the group B the family of the Serendipitaceae . The Sebacinaceae therefore consist of the following genera:

Sebacinaceae :

Serendipitaceae : In 2016, the Serendipitaceae wereformally describedby Michael Weiß and colleagues. It turned out that the two previously known genera Piriformospora (with the Piriformospora indica known in research) and Serendipita cannot be separated taxonomically. Therefore, the family currently consists of only one genus with the older name Serendipita . New genre descriptions are likely in the near future:

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Franz Oberwinkler, Kai Riess, Robert Bauer, Sigisfredo Garnica: Morphology and molecules: the Sebacinales, a case study. In: Mycological Progress . tape 13 , 2014, p. 445-470 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-014-0983-1 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Michael Weiß, Marc-André Selosse, Karl-Heinz Rexer, Alexander Urban, Franz Oberwinkler: Sebacinales: a hitherto overlooked cosm of heterobasidiomycetes with a broad mycorrhizal potential . In: Mycological Research . tape 108 , no. 9 , 2004, p. 1003-1010 .
  3. ↑ a b Michael Weiß, Zuzana Sýkorová, Sigisfredo Garnica, Kai Riess, Florent Martos, Cornelia Krause, Franz Oberwinkler, Robert Bauer, Dirk Redecker: Sebacinales Everywhere: Previously Overlooked Ubiquitous Fungal Endophytes . In: PLoS ONE . tape 6 , 2: e16793, 2011, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0016793 .
  4. ^ A b c Franz Oberwinkler, Kai Riess, Robert Bauer, Marc-André Selosse, Michael Weiß, Sigisfredo Garnica, Alga Zuccaro: Enigmatic Sebacinales . In: Mycological Progress . tape 12 , 2013, p. 1-27 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-012-0880-4 .
  5. ↑ Kai Riess, Franz Oberwinkler, Robert Bauer, Sigisfredo Garnica: Communities of Endophytic Sebacinales Associated with Roots of Herbaceous Plants in Agricultural and Grassland Ecosystems Are Dominated by Serendipita herbamans sp. nov. In: PLoS ONE . 2014, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0094676 .
  6. ^ Robert J. Bandoni: The Tremellales and Auriculariales: an alternative classification . In: Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan . tape 25 , 1984, pp. 489-530 .
  7. Jump up ↑ Kai Riess, Franz Oberwinkler, Robert Bauer, Sigisfredo Garnica: High genetic diversity at the regional scale and possible speciation in Sebacina epigaea and S. incrustans . In: BMC Evolutionary Biology . tape 13 , 2013, doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2148-13-102 .
  8. ↑ Michael Weiß, Frank Waller, Alga Zuccaro, Marc-André Selosse: Tansley review: Sebacinales - one thousand and one interactions with land plants . In: New Phytologist . tape 211 , 2016, p. 20-40 , doi : 10.1111 / nph.13977 .

Web links

Commons : Wax Crust Relatives (Sebacinaceae)  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files