Ear flap relatives

Ear flap relatives
	Judas ear ( Auricularia auricula-judae )
Systematics
Department :	Stand mushrooms (Basidiomycota)
Subdivision :	Agaricomycotina
Class :	Agaricomycetes
Subclass :	insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order :	Fungal ear flaps
Family :	Ear flap relatives
Scientific name of the order
	Auriculariales
	J. Schröt
Scientific name of the family
	Auriculariaceae
	Mrs. ex Lindau

The ear flap mushroom relatives (Auriculariaceae) are currently (as of 2015) the only family within the order of the ear flap mushroom-like (Auriculariales). The mushrooms have gelatinous fruiting bodies and segmented basidia . The family contains over 100 species that grow as saprobionts on dead wood. Some species are commonly cultivated edible mushrooms, especially in East Asia. The genera that were previously placed in the family of the glandular relatives (Exidiaceae) have recently become relatives of the ear flap fungus.

features

Macro and micromorphology of the Auriculariales (drawing by Gustav Lindau)

The gelatinous fruit bodies are resupinate or flattened and only rarely stalked. They are usually pale or brownish in color. Their sterile surface can be smooth or hairy. The hymenium is smooth, pitted, or meshed in a honeycomb shape. The hyphae have buckles and their shape is variable. As typical phragmobasidia, the more or less cylindrical basidia are divided into four individual cells by three transverse septa . From each of these cells a long, thread-like sterigma grows, at the tip of which a kidney-shaped to allantoic (sausage-shaped) basidiospore is formed. The hyaline spores are smooth and inamyloid . From these finally multicellular basidiospores, either hyphae or secondary spores (tick-shaped microconidia ) can germinate.

The genera that used to belong to the family of the glandular relatives have resupinate, pustular or disc-shaped fruiting bodies, which can be membrane-like, waxy or more or less gelatinous. The coloring is very variable. The hyphae are often gelatinized and the hymenium smooth, bumpy, or prickly. The large basidia are ovate to ellipsoidal and longitudinally (cross-shaped) septate. They wear a basal buckle and long, often sinuous, tubular stems. In addition to the basidia, one often finds thin, branched and nodular hyphidia. The thin-walled, smooth, and hyaline basidiospores are usually allantoid. Curved microconidia also often germinate from them.

Ecology and diffusion

All species within the family of the ear flap relatives appear to be saprobionts. Most of them grow on dead branches, dead trunks or fallen wood. The family is spread around the world. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains seven genera and over 100 species.

Genera

The most important and most species-rich genus Auricularia , also today be Eichleriella , Exidia , Exidiopsis and Heterochaete assigned to the family of mushroom cloth relatives who earlier in the family of Exidiaceae and in the order of jitter-like Ling were asked (Tremellales).

Auricularia auricula-judae , the Judas ear .
Eichleriella deglubens , the thorny wax bark sponge is a resupine relative of the Judas ear

Exidia glandulosa ( Syn. E. truncata ), the stubble gland is the type of the genus Exidia

Exidia nigricans ( Syn. E. plana ), the warty glandle, is the most common representative of the genus in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

Exidiopsis calcea , the lime-colored gelatinous crust , also forms resupinate fruiting bodies.

Systematics

The Auriculariaceae family was described in 1897 by the German mycologist Gustav Lindau to unite mushroom species that have a "gymnocarpes" (free-standing) hymenium and auricularioid basidia. Basidia are called auricularioid, which are more or less cylindrical and are divided into four superposed cells by three transverse septa. The taxon, however, had already been described by Elias Magnus Fries in his Epicrisis systematis mycologici as Auricularini . In addition to the genus Auricularia , Lindau also placed the genera Platygloea , Jola , Saccoblastia (today Helicogloea ) and the genus Stypinella (today Helicobasidium ) in the new family. Platygloea , Jola , Helicogloea and Helicobasidium are now placed in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision , which also includes rust fungi .

The American mycologist Bandoni revised the family concept in 1984. He proposed an alternative classification system for the auriculariales and tremellales that was based on micromorphological, ultrastructural and ecological features. He excluded all species with simple septum pores from the order Auriculariales and placed all species with dolipores in the order, regardless of whether they had transversely or longitudinally septate basidia. The Auriculariaceae family only contained those species that had an auricularoid basidia type, reducing the family to the genus Auricularia . On the other hand, he placed species with longitudinally septate basidia and buckled hyphae in the Exidiaceae family.

Molecular biological investigations of the LSU nrDNA gene have shown that the family of Judas ear relatives together with the glandular relatives (Exidiaceae) form an inseparable community of descent. In addition to Exidia , the monophylum also includes the closely related genera Eichleriella , Exidiopsis and Heterochaete .

meaning

Some auricularia species are popular edible mushrooms and are particularly popular in Asian cuisine. Two species are particularly important: the Judas ear ( Auricularia auricula-judae ) and the Auricularia nigricans ( Syn. Auricularia polytricha ), known as Chinese morel . Both are economically important edible mushrooms, especially in China and Southeast Asia, and are cultivated on wood or on sawdust. They also play an important role in traditional Chinese medicine, Auricularia is said to have cholesterol-lowering properties.

swell

GW. Martin: The classification of the Tremellales . In: Mycologia . tape 37 , no. 5 , 1945, p. 527-542 ( cybertruffle.org ).

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b P. Cannon & P. Kirk: Fungal Families of the World . CAB International, 2007, p. 30 .
^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 530 (Latin, cybertruffle.org ).
↑ G. Lindau: The natural plant families I. part. Department 1 . Ed .: Heinrich GA Engler, & Karl AE Prantl. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelman, Leipzig, Auriculariales and Tremellales, p. 96 ( online ).
↑ ^a ^b M. Weiss & F. Oberwinkler: Phylogenetic relationships in Auriculariales and related groups - hypotheses derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences . In: Mycological Research . tape 105 , 2001, p. 403-415 .

Web links

Commons : Auriculariaceae relatives - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

[Cannon2007-1] A ^b P. Cannon & P. Kirk: Fungal Families of the World . CAB International, 2007, p. 30 .

[Fries-2] Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 530 (Latin, cybertruffle.org ).

[Lindau1897-3] G. Lindau: The natural plant families I. part. Department 1 . Ed .: Heinrich GA Engler, & Karl AE Prantl. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelman, Leipzig, Auriculariales and Tremellales, p. 96 ( online ).

[Weiss&Oberw2001-4] M. Weiss & F. Oberwinkler: Phylogenetic relationships in Auriculariales and related groups - hypotheses derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences . In: Mycological Research . tape 105 , 2001, p. 403-415 .