Stubbly glandular
| Stubbly glandular | ||||||||||||
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Stubble gland ( Exidia glandulosa s. Orig. , Syn .: E. truncata ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Exidia glandulosa | ||||||||||||
| ( Bull .: Fr. ) Fr. |
The Stop Lige Drüsling ( Exidia glandulosa , Syn. : Exidia truncata ), also Abgestutzter or cup-shaped Drüsling called, is a common, widespread gelatinous mushroom from the kind of exidia . It breaks down dead branches and trunks of deciduous trees, especially oak .
features
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Macroscopic features
The 1–4 cm high, 2–4 (–8) cm wide and blackish fruiting bodies grow individually or in densely packed groups. Trimmed at the top, they resemble tops due to their stem-like tapered bases. With age they are deeply pitted to cup-shaped and bent in wavy folds at the edges. The stubby, granular, warty and sterile underside, which gives it its name, can be clearly distinguished from the smooth top with the fruit layer, which is only covered with individual glandular nodules. While moistened fruit bodies protrude from or hang down from the substrate, some of them lie dry on the base. Then the conical warts on the top are particularly noticeable. When dried, the fruit bodies shrink to form a shiny coating up to 3 mm thick. The meat is gelatinous, soft to tough and watery in color from olive-gray to brownish-gray. The spore powder is white.
Microscopic features
The colorless fungal threads have a diameter of 1.5-3 (-4) µm and have buckles on the septa . The fruit layer consists of elliptical and 14–17 µm × 10–12 µm large basidia , on each of which 2 or 4 spores mature. The cylindrical sterigms are 30–60 µm long and 2–3 µm wide. The also colorless spores are cylindrical and measure 14–17 (–23) µm × 4.5–6 (–7) µm. They can form rod-shaped secondary pores that are 10–11 µm × 3.5–4.5 µm in size. In addition, the fungus produces 4–5 µm × 2 µm conidia .
Species delimitation
The warty glandular ( Exidia nigrescens ) looks quite similar in terms of habit and color . However, the fruiting bodies are less thick, have grown significantly wider on the substrate and have only a narrow, sterile underside facing the wood. The species can be distinguished microscopically by its smaller spore dimensions of 10–12 (–17) × 4–5 µm.
The tar spot glandlet ( Exidia pythia ) is also black in color. In the eyes of some authors, only one variety of the warty glandular fruit body is actually reminiscent of tar stains, with its 1 to 2, rarely 4 mm flat, often wavy fruit bodies. Another typical feature is the surface, which is almost entirely without glandular papillae. The species only grows on conifers - but the warty glandle can also colonize such a substrate.
Older, single fruiting bodies with a top-shaped habit can resemble the common dirt cup ( Bulgaria inquinans ). However, the species can be easily identified by the black, abundant spore powder: If you brush your finger over the top with the fruit layer, you get dirty fingers - this is the common name. Microscopically the case is just as clear: the spores do not mature on phragmobasidia , but rather in tubes .
ecology
The Stubble Drüsling is common in all deciduous and mixed forests, especially in red beech and hornbeam-oak forests as well as in hardwood meadows. It can be found all year round on dead trees, small trunks lying on the ground and fallen or still attached branches of deciduous trees. There the fruiting bodies break out of the bark; they rarely grow on debarked wood. The fungus colonized the substrate during the late Optimal- to previous final stage of Vermorschung and causes the inside by the degradation of cellulose , hemicellulose and the pulp lignin a white rot . The fungus mainly grows on oak , followed by red beech , common hazel and common ash at large intervals . The spectrum of substrates also includes apples , maples , barberry , birch , hornbeam , linden , poplar , blackthorn , black elder , rowan , bird cherry and willow .
distribution
The Stubble Drüsling is native to the meridional to boreal zones of the Holarctic. There it can be found in oceanic to subcontinental areas. It occurs scattered in large parts of Asia, including China, Iran, Japan, the Caucasus, Korea, Pakistan, Siberia and Central Asia. On the American continent it occurs in the north. The species was also found in New Zealand. It can also be found in the Canary Islands. The jelly fungus is widespread in Europe, to the north as far as the Hebrides and Lapland. In Germany it is one of the most common representatives of the species, although it is not as widespread as the warty glandle . It is absent or is very rarely found in sand, heather and coniferous wood areas as well as in the high montane level - the vertical distribution mainly includes the colline and submontane altitude level.
Taxonomy and Phylogeny
Name story
In 1822 Elias Magnus Fries published a diagnosis of the stubble under the name Exidia truncata and described the warty gland as Exidia glandulosa . Jean Baptiste François Bulliard used the latter name as early as 1789 for the stubble gland. However, the older name initially had no priority because the “Systema Mycologicum” was the starting point for the nomenclature. Accordingly, Bulliard's name was invalid and Fries' diagnosis was valid as a new description of the warty glandular (= E. glandulosa Fries 1822: Fries 1822, non Bull. ). After the nomenclature starting point was brought forward, Bulliards name could be used in the sense of the original author and consequently today E. glandulosa ss. orig. nomenclature correct for the stubble gland. Nevertheless, some authors prefer the synonym E. truncata to avoid confusion between the two different interpretations of E. glandulosa .
Family relationships
The stubble gland is most closely related to the gyro gland ( Exidia recisa ), which with its individual, cinnamon-brown fruiting bodies can be found predominantly on thin, dead, but still attached willow branches. In the neighboring branch of the cladogram, the rock candy brown gland is placed. On conifers, the gelatinous mushroom forms crooked to brain-like twisted structures, the color of which is reminiscent of brown sugar. That branch finally branches off to the gray gelatinous crust ( Exidiopsis grisea ) and the whitish glandular ( Exidia thuretiana ). The first-mentioned species mainly covers the branches of silver firs with gray-bluish to steel-gray, waxy fruiting bodies that have grown flat with the substrate. The Whitish Drüsling forms white to light gray, disc-like fruiting bodies lying close to the substrate on branches of beeches and other deciduous trees .
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms. BLV Verlag, Munich. 2002. p. 484. ISBN 3-405-14737-9 .
- ^ A b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.): Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 1: General Part. Stand mushrooms: jelly, bark, prick and pore mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3528-0 .
- ↑ Edmund Michael, Bruno Hennig, Hanns Kreisel: Non-leaf mushrooms (Basidiomycetes without leaves, Ascomycetes) . Handbook for mushroom lovers. Vol. 2. 3. and revised edition. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena. 1986.
- ↑ a b Walter Jülich: The non-leaf mushrooms, gelatinous mushrooms and belly mushrooms . In: Small cryptogam flora. Vol. II b / 1. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena. 1984.
- ^ Distribution of Exidia plana in Germany . Mushroom mapping 2000 online. German Society for Mycology. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
- ↑ Elias Magnus Fries : Exidia truncata ( Memento of the original from December 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: Systema Mycologicum 2 (1) ( Memento of the original from January 8th, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 1822. p. 224.
- ^ Jean Baptiste François Bulliard : Tremella glandulosa . In: Herbier de la France IX . Tab. 420, Fig. 1. 1789.
- ↑ Seishi Ikeda, Lynn Esther E. Rallos, Takashi Okubo, Shima Eda, Shoko Inaba, Hisayuki Mitsui, Kiwamu Minamisawa: Microbial Community Analysis of Field-Grown Soybeans with Different Nodulation Phenotypes . Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 74, no. September 18, 2008. pp. 5704-5709. (PDF; 786 kB)
