Shadian incident

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The term Shadian incident ( Chinese  沙 甸 事件 , Pinyin Shādiàn shìjiàn ) is a political euphemism for a major uprising by the Hui Muslim ethnic group during the Chinese Cultural Revolution , which ended in a military-led massacre . The massacre took place in seven villages in Yunnan Province in July and August 1975 , particularly in Gejiu City , Shadian . In total, the massacre resulted in the deaths of more than 1,600 civilians (866 from Shadian alone), including 300 children. 4,400 houses were destroyed. The major conflict between the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) and the Hui people began in 1974 when they went to Kunming , the capital of Yunnan, and demanded freedom of religion granted by the Chinese constitution . However, the local government viewed the behavior of hundreds of demonstrators as "disruptive" and "against the party leadership". In 1975, villagers tried to forcefully reopen mosques that were closed during the Cultural Revolution , which exacerbated the conflict and drew Beijing's attention . On 29 July 1975 10,000 soldiers were finally about People's Liberation Army of Deng Xiaoping (some sources claimed it was Wang Hongwen been) instructed to settle the conflict, which led to a massacre that lasted about one week.

After the Cultural Revolution, the Shadian Incident was viewed as one of the "unjust, wrong, wrong" cases, and the victims were rehabilitated by the Communist Party during the " Boluan Fanzheng " period.

Historical background

During the Cultural Revolution, religious people, including Buddhists , Christians, and Muslims , were widely persecuted. The Red Guards forbade Muslims to offer their prayers in mosques, they censored Islamic books and even burned them, and they also fought against imams and ordinary Muslims. After the founding of the Yunnan Revolutionary Committee (云南省 革命 委员会) in August 1968, the so-called " counter-revolutionaries " were arbitrarily arrested and persecuted and people were forced to flee to Shadian . In early December 1968, the Yunnan Province Revolutionary Committee sent a propaganda team to Shadian in the name of "Propaganda of the Mao Zedong Idea". More than 200 local Hui were sent to a " fight and criticism session, " of whom 14 were persecuted to death and 160 people were crippled for life. In October 1973, the Muslims opened the closed mosque on their own initiative and were hindered by the armed forces dispatched by the Revolutionary Committee.

Conflict and massacre

In September 1974, the Yunnan Province Party Committee issued a notice stating, "Mosques that have been closed for other purposes or remodeled may not be reopened for religious activities." In addition, the Communist Party ordered them to reopen Mosques had to be closed again by the people themselves.

In 1974, more than 800 Hui from Shadian went to Kunming to protest, demanding freedom of religion . However, this was considered "disruptive" and "directed against the leadership of the Communist Party". Over 1,000 Hui from other areas participated in the protests. Conflicts escalated and violence broke out.

Eventually the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese government concluded that the movement had become militarily rebellious. With the approval of Mao Zedong, about 10,000 soldiers from the People's Liberation Army were ordered to suppress the uprising. The massacre resulted in the deaths of more than 1,600 civilians (866 from Shadian), including 300 children, and over 1,000 injured and crippled for life, while 4,400 homes were destroyed.

The massacre lasted from July 29 to August 4, 1975. Some said the final order for the military attack was from Deng Xiaoping and others from Wang Hongwen .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer: Mao Zedong. ›There will be a fight‹: a biography . Matthes & Seitz Berlin Verlag, 2017, ISBN 978-3-95757-436-7 ( google.com [accessed July 7, 2020]).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Dru C. Gladney: Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic ( en ). Harvard Univ Asia Center, 1996, ISBN 978-0-674-59497-5 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Roderick MacFarquhar, Michael Schoenhals: Mao's Last Revolution ( en ). Harvard University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-674-02332-1 .
  4. ↑ a b c Yongming Zhou: Anti-drug Crusades in Twentieth-century China: Nationalism, History, and State Building ( s ). Rowman & Littlefield, 1999, ISBN 978-0-8476-9598-0 .
  5. ↑ a b c d China's Puzzling Islam Policy ( en-US ) November 26, 2018.
  6. ↑ Alice Su: Harmony and Martyrdom Among China's Hui Muslims ( en )
  7. ^ A b World Peace Foundation: China: the Cultural Revolution | Mass Atrocity Endings ( en-US )
  8. ↑ a b Hyeju (Janice) JEONG: Shadian's Muslim communities and trans-local connectivities: observations from the field | IIAS . 2016.
  9. ^ A b Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network ( en )
  10. ^ A b Zainab Khalid: Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman . SIT Graduate Institute - Study Abroad, April 1, 2011.
  11. ↑ a b 启 之: 中华 学 人 论文集 —— 文化大革命 50 年 （1-4）: 学校 和 地方 （三） ( zh ). Remembering Publishing, LLC, November 26, 2019, ISBN 978-1-951135-09-6 .
  12. ↑ a b 文革 反思 回忆 史料 之 八: 云南 '文化大革命' 运动 大事 纪实 ( zh ). Zhong wen chu ban wu fu wu zhong xin., 2007.
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Zhou Kang (周 康): 骇人听闻 的 云 南沙 甸 惨案. In: Yanhuang Chunqiu. Retrieved July 7, 2020 (Chinese).
  14. ↑ 神秘 档案 ﹕ 云 南沙 甸 事件 逾千 回民 死亡 文革 武斗 变成 军事 镇压. In: Sina Corporation . Retrieved July 7, 2020 .
  15. ↑ Wei Dedong (魏德东): 中国 宗教 30 年 从 “文革 禁止” 到 “信仰 自由” _ 佛教 频道 _ 凤凰网. Retrieved July 7, 2020 .
  16. ↑ Ma Hei (马 黑): 父亲 往事 ： 沙 甸 事件. Retrieved July 7, 2020 .