Boluan Fanzheng

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The statue of Deng Xiaoping in Lianhuashan Park in Shenzhen .

Boluan Fanzheng ( Chinese 拨乱反正/撥亂反正 ), which "literally eliminate chaos and return to normal " means, was a time in the history of the People's Republic of China , in which Deng Xiaoping tried from 1977, errors of Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution to correct . Over a period of several years, up to around 1982, the Maoist policies associated with the Cultural Revolution were gradually revised, millions of victims of the Cultural Revolution were rehabilitated and various socio-political reforms were introduced. The Boluan-Fanzheng policy formed the basis for the reform and opening policy that followed from December 1978.

After the Beijing student protests and their bloody suppression in the summer of 1989, some of the reforms implemented during the Boluan Fanzheng period were gradually reversed by Deng and his successors. In early 1992, Deng stepped up the market economy reforms on his trip to southern China . After Xi Jinping was elected general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party on November 15, 2012 , other reforms implemented during the Boluan Fanzheng period were reversed.

Terminology

"Boluan Fanzheng" is an expression that appears for the first time in the spring and autumn annals attributed to Confucius . It means "correct chaos and return to normal".

development

ideology

In Hu Yaobang's former residence.

On September 19, 1977, at a meeting with senior officials from the Ministry of Education , Deng Xiaoping first proposed the concept of "Boluan Fanzheng" and urged the officials to correct the errors of the Cultural Revolution in education. This policy lasted until the early 1980s. After that, the focus of the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese government switched from class struggle to economic development and the so-called " four modernizations ".

At the beginning of "Boluan Fanzheng", Hua Guofeng was still the leader of China and imposed the "two everything" (两个 凡是): all decisions of Mao should be adhered to and all his instructions should be carried out. In May 1978, Deng Xiaoping, along with Hu Yaobang and others, launched a large-scale debate across China that discussed the truth-checking criteria and criticized the "two everything". Deng and his allies supported the view that "Practice is the Only Test of Truth," which first appeared in an article published by Guangming Daily (光明 日报) and which received widespread support from Chinese society. In December 1978, Deng replaced Hua Guofeng to become the supreme leader of China, and he urged people to "See the Truth in Facts."

In June 1981, the CCP unanimously passed a resolution elaborated by Deng and others (关于 建国 以来 党 的 若干 历史 问题 的 决议), extensively invalidating the Cultural Revolution. According to the resolution, it was "a domestic chaos falsely initiated by the leader ( Mao Zedong ) and exploited by counter-revolutionary gangs ( Lin Biao and the Gang of Four )." It also stated that the Cultural Revolution was "for responsible for the worst setback and losses that the Party, the country and the people have suffered since the founding of the People's Republic of China. "

Hu Yaobang

politics

Hu Yaobang , then head of the CCP's Human Resources Department (中国 共产党 中央 委员会 组织部), was hired by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to rehabilitate victims, both those of the Cultural Revolution and the " Anti-Right Campaign " (反右 运动) 1957/58. In the years that followed, over 3 million such cases were dealt with and the vast majority of victims rehabilitated.

The most famous victims included:

Among others, 96 people who were classified as right-wing extremists in 1957/58 were not rehabilitated.

Constitution and Law

During the Cultural Revolution, " Chairman Mao Tsetung's words " were popular and Mao Zedong's personality cult reached its peak. At that time, the constitution and acting under the law were largely ignored.

On August 18, 1980, Deng Xiaoping gave an important speech entitled "On Reforming the System of Party and State Governance" (党 和 国家 领导 制度 改革) at the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China , in which he said that China needs political Reforms and a systematic revision of its constitution . Deng pointed out that the constitution must be able to protect the civil rights of Chinese nationals and respect the principle of separation of powers . He also described the idea of ​​"collective leadership" (集体 领导) and advocated equal voting rights within the leadership to avoid a dictatorship by the General Secretary of the CPC. In December 1982, China's fourth constitution, known as the "1982 Constitution," was adopted by the 5th National People's Congress; much of its content is still in force today. Important points of the constitutional reform were:

  • The vocabulary of the Cultural Revolution such as "continuous revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat " has been deleted
  • The Chinese Communist Party's organization descriptions have been removed from the constitution
  • The statement "The country is run by the Chinese Communist Party" was deleted ( reversed in 2018 on the initiative of Xi Jinping )
  • The statement “All government bodies, armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all companies must abide by the constitution and the law” has been added
  • The offices of President and Vice President were reinstated, with a term of five years, corresponding to the legislative term of the National People's Congress, and a maximum of two consecutive terms (the term limit was lifted in 2018 on the initiative of Xi Jinping).

Academics

Numerous academics and intellectuals were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution . Well-known academics, scientists, and educators who died as a result of the Cultural Revolution were Xiong Qinglai , Jian Bozan, Lao She , Tian Han , Fu Lei, Wu Han , Yao Tongbin, and Zhao Jiuzhang . As of 1968, of the 171 high-ranking members at the headquarters of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, 131 were persecuted, and among all members of the academy across the country, 229 were put to death. By September 1971, more than 4,000 employees at the Chinese nuclear center in Qinghai had been persecuted: 40 of them committed suicide , five were executed and 310 were crippled for life.

In March 1978, Deng Xiaoping emphasized at the National Science Conference that intellectuals are part of the working class and that the core of the Four Modernizations is the modernization of science and technology. He later also stressed that knowledge and talented people must be respected and that disregard for intellectuals must be combated. One of his notable statements was that "science and technology are primary productive forces" (科学 技术 是 第一 生产力).

Education

In 1966, right at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, the next Abitur exams , which were due in the early summer of 1967, were abolished, and the universities no longer accepted any new students from the academic year 1967/68. As the universities gradually resumed regular teaching in 1970, a system was introduced whereby students were recommended by factories, villages and military units. However, most universities did not reopen until 1972; the Nanjing University took as only 1,978 full operation again. In 1968 the youth agricultural labor movement (上山 下乡 运动 or “Up to the mountains and down from the country”), which was launched in 1950, reached a new high point. Over 10 million educated young people from urban areas, including Xi Jinping , have been sent to the countryside to learn practical work from the peasantry.

In 1977, Deng Xiaoping reintroduced the high school exams after a ten-year hiatus. A compulsory schooling system was established and, with the support of Deng and others, compulsory schooling was incorporated into the 1982 constitution. China's nine-year compulsory schooling was finally made law in 1986. On the recommendation of the then Chinese Prime Minister Zhao Ziyang , the National People's Congress proclaimed September 10th to be the annual "National Teachers Day" in 1985. After major student demonstrations in Hefei , Shanghai and Beijing in December 1986 - the largest since the Cultural Revolution - students were encouraged to do simple work in agriculture or in factories again from 1987 onwards, after obtaining an academic degree. " to gain life experience ".

criticism

Keeping Mao Zedong's picture in Tian'anmen Square was one of the major controversies after the Cultural Revolution.

There was also a lot of controversy during the Boluan Fanzheng period, including:

  • The controversy over the various views of Mao Zedong (wronged or not)
  • The controversy surrounding the incorporation of the " Four Basic Principles " into the Chinese Constitution to maintain the leadership of the Communist Party in China
  • The controversy that many of the leaders and perpetrators of the Cultural Revolution massacres were hardly punished or not at all

The Communist Party has not fully released the documents related to the Cultural Revolution and has restricted academic study and public discussion of the revolution in Chinese society.

See also

Individual evidence

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  3. ^ A b Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China .
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