Zhao Jiuzhang

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Zhao Jiuzhang 1933

Zhao Jiuzhang ( Chinese  趙 九章  /  赵 九章 , Pinyin Zhào Jiǔzhāng , born  October 15, 1907 in Kaifeng , †  October 26, 1968 in Zhongguancun ), also known abroad as Jeou-jang Jaw , was a Chinese geophysicist and meteorologist . He was a senior member of the September 3 Society Party and a fathers of the Dong Fang Hong satellite program . In September 1999 he was posthumously awarded the "Two Bombs, One Satellite" (两弹一星 功勋 奖章) Order of Merit.

Youth and Studies

Zhao Jiuzhang was born on October 15, 1907, the 33rd year of the Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty , in Kaifeng , Henan Province, to an important family of doctors of traditional Chinese medicine , originally from Wuxing , Zhejiang . He first attended a private one-class school (私塾) in Kaifeng, then from 1918 to 1921 the Beicang-Gymnasium. Zhao Jiuzhang actually wanted to devote himself to the humanities (the Sishu one-class schools were taught according to Confucian principles). However, under the impression of the movement of May 4th, 1919, he decided on the scientific branch, according to the slogan of the time "Save the country with science" (科学 救国). In 1922 he moved to the preparatory school for studying abroad in Europe and America in Henan Province (河南 留 欧美 预备 学校), where language classes were held alongside the regular curriculum.

After graduating from high school in 1926, however, he first began studying electrical engineering at the Zhejiang Polytechnic (浙江 工 专, today's Faculty of Engineering at Zhejiang University ). In 1929 he moved to the physics faculty at Tsinghua University in Beijing , where he graduated in 1933. After Zhao Jiuzhang had passed the examination for a study abroad with a state scholarship in 1934, he received one from the so-called " Boxer Compensation ", which China had to pay to Germany, among others, after the failed Boxer uprising . With this scholarship he went to the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin in July 1935 , where he began studying meteorology as a doctoral student under Heinrich von Ficker . His dissertation - “On the thermodynamics of the Passat basic flow” - was published in 1937, and in October 1938 he was awarded a doctorate.

Teaching

Immediately after his return to China, still in 1938, Zhao Jiuzhang got a job as a meteorology professor at the United Southwest University in Kunming , where, as in his doctoral thesis, he introduced physics and mathematics to meteorology. In 1944, on the recommendation of Zhu Kezhen (竺可桢, 1890–1974), he was appointed head of the Meteorological Institute of Academia Sinica in order to continue Zhu's modern scientific work in the spirit of the latter (Zhu Kezhen had been the institute director from 1929–1936). At the same time, Zhao Jiuzhang taught as a professor of dynamic meteorology in the meteorology department of the Institute of Natural Sciences of the National Central University (国立 中央 大学 理 学院) in Chongqing .

The Reorganized Government of the Republic of China , a Japanese puppet regime with its capital in Nanjing , collapsed in mid-August 1945 and Jiangsu went back to the Kuomintang . From May 5, 1946, Nanjing was the official capital of China, and the Meteorological Institute and National Central University moved there from Chongqing. When the Kuomintang rule in China was coming to an end in late 1948, the order came that the Meteorological Institute, like the rest of the Academia Sinica, should relocate to Taiwan. Zhao Jiuzhang took the order, but chose to stay with the other scientists from the institute in Nanjing and wait for the Red Army to arrive . This happened on the evening of April 23, 1949. The following morning the Presidential Palace was occupied and in May 1949 the People's Government of Nanjing was installed.

When the Chinese Academy of Sciences was founded in November 1949 , Zhao Jiuzhang was one of the first members. From the beginning he urged the establishment of an institute for geophysics at the academy. So he was able to prevail. The former Meteorological Institute was retained as the core, plus the geomagnetism research group of the Institute for Physics, the geophysical research laboratory of the former Kuomintang Ministry of Economics and the prospecting department of the former Beiping Physical Research Institute . In April 1950, the Institute of Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was officially established. On May 15, 1950, Zhao Jiuzhang was appointed head of the institute by Prime Minister Zhou Enlai , a post he held until his death. Between 1953 and 1965 he made numerous trips abroad to take part in international congresses - in addition to German he also spoke fluent English - and to give guest lectures.

When the Academy of Sciences founded the Chinese University of Science and Technology in Hefei in 1958 , he took over the establishment of the Faculty of Geophysics (地球物理 系), today's Institute for Earth and Space Sciences (地球 和 空间 科学 学院), its management he took over until his death. Zhao Jiuzhang taught high atmospheric physics there ; several of his doctoral students later became members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Political commitment

In 1951, Zhao Jiuzhang joined the " Society of September 3, " which was founded on May 4, 1946 - the name is derived from the victory over Japan on September 3, 1945 - a political party whose members are predominantly from the academic community. and the superstructure and their official motto is “Patriotism, Democracy, Science” (爱国 ， 民主 ， 科学). A year later, in September 1952, he became a member of the Party's 3rd Central Committee , then in February 1956 the 4th and December 1958 of the 5th Central Committee, which remained in office until October 1979. In November 1964 he was elected for the Society of September 3 as one of 3,040 members of the 3rd National People's Congress, and from this on January 3, 1965 as one of 118 members in the Standing Committee . He kept this post until his death.

From April 1959 to January 1965, Zhao Jiuzhang was one of 1,063 members of the Political Consultative Conference of the Chinese People , albeit not for the Society of September 3, which already had 20 members there, but for the Chinese Association for Science and Technology (中国 科学 技术协会, Pinyin Zhōngguó Kēxué Jìshù Xiéhuì ), an umbrella organization for numerous scientific and technical organizations, from the Chinese Mathematicians Association (中国 数学 会) to the Association of Chinese Mechanical Engineers (中国 机械 工程 学会) to the Chinese Plant Protection Association (中国 植物 保护 学会) . On April 29, 1959, he was elected to the Standing Committee as one of 159 members (plus Mao Zedong as honorary chairman).

Space travel

After the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 was launched into space on October 4, 1957 , Qian Xuesen and Zhao Jiuzhang suggested in early 1958 that China should also run a satellite program. They met with open ears from the political leadership. On May 17, 1958, at the Second Session of the CCP's Eighth Congress (May 5-23, 1958) , Mao Zedong officially declared that China should develop its own satellite. The Chinese Academy of Sciences was instructed to initiate this, whereupon “ Project 581 ” was started. Qian Xuesen was appointed head of the project, his two deputies were Zhao Jiuzhang and the geophysicist Wei Yiqing (卫 一 清, 1915–1988).

However, under the conditions of the “ Great Leap Forward ” China could not really afford such a project, especially since the Soviet Union refused to support its socialist brother country. A delegation, headed by Zhao Jiuzhang and Wei Yiqing, traveled to Moscow in October 1958 and spent two and a half months visiting all kinds of museums and astronomical observatories; However, they were not shown facilities involved in the manufacture of satellites. Eventually, the Chinese government also withdrew its support. On January 21, 1959, Zhang Jingfu , the vice-president of the academy, had to tell the scientists that Deng Xiaoping (then general secretary of the CCP Political Bureau ) had ordered the satellite project to be postponed because it was incompatible with the country's economic strength.

Memorial for the T-7 at the site of the first launch in Laogang, Shanghai

As a result, Zhao Jiuzhang decided to use the academy's limited funds for sounding rockets to research the high atmosphere . The T-7 missile was developed in cooperation with the engineering office for mechanical engineering and electrical engineering in Shanghai . The first prototype reached an altitude of 8 km on February 19, 1960. This was increased in several steps until an altitude of 58 km was reached on November 23, 1961. While Wang Xiji , the chief engineer at the engineering office for mechanical and electrical engineering, was responsible for the rocket itself, the meteorological measuring instruments, telemetry and power supply in the head of the rocket, as well as the radar systems for trajectory tracking under the direction of Zhao Jiuzhang at the Geophysics Institute Academy of Sciences designed and built.

On December 27, 1964, Zhao Jiuzhang made another attempt at the satellite project. Just recently elected to the National People's Congress, he took the opportunity to write to Prime Minister Zhou Enlai and again suggest the development of a Chinese satellite. Shortly afterwards, in early January 1965, Qian Xuesen wrote a similar letter to the National Defense Science and Technology Commission. Commission chairman Nie Rongzhen and Prime Minister Zhou Enlai approved the plan of the scientists, which was given the designation "Project 651" (651 工程, Pinyin 651 Gōngchéng ), so "The project started in January 1965". The development of the satellite was initially the responsibility of the Seventh Ministry of Mechanical Engineering , which emerged from the 5th Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense on January 4, 1965 by resolution of the People's Congress, and the Project Planning Institute 651 of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , headed by Zhao Jiuzhang . In the latter, the radio beacon was developed which, after the launch of the satellite on April 24, 1970, broadcast the song " The East is Red ", also in collaboration with Chen Fangyun from the Institute for Electronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院 电子 学 研究所) the Doppler effect systems for determining the speed and position of the satellite later known as Dong Fang Hong I. However, Zhao Jiuzhang would never experience that again.

Persecution, death and rehabilitation

In May 1966 the Cultural Revolution broke out. What Mao had originally intended to break up networks and power structures that had developed in the party soon got out of control. Zhao Jiuzhang, a member of the September 3rd Society, was not originally affected by the internal CCP clashes. Ultimately, however, he combined everything in his person that the Revolutionary Rebels (造反 派), the losers of the Cultural Revolution, hated - from his bourgeois origin and attending a private Confucian school to studying in Nazi Germany and his lecture tours to the USA. In mid-February 1968, shortly after the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the 1st month according to the lunar calendar, several rebels broke into his apartment and took him to the Zhongguancun re-education camp on the northern outskirts of Beijing, where he was more than 60 years old and had severe physical injuries To do work and write self-criticisms (检查) late into the night. After eight months he was no longer able to cope with it and took his own life on October 16, 1968 in building 15 of the camp, one of the three special buildings (特 楼) where suspicious scientists were housed, by taking sleeping pills.

After Mao's death and the fall of the Gang of Four in 1976, the Cultural Revolution was reassessed and many of its victims were rehabilitated. In October 1997, on the occasion of his 90th birthday, the Chinese Academy of Sciences decided to put up a bronze bust of Zhao Jiuzhang. After the State Council of the People's Republic of China , the academy's superior department, approved it, the bust, made with donations from 170 scientists, was placed in the main hall of the Center for Space Science and Applied Research . In 2008 a building in the center was named after him and the bust was erected there until it moved to the Institute for Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which he founded on July 1, 2010. In September 1999, on the 50th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China , Zhao Jiuzhang was posthumously awarded the Order of Merit "Two Bombs, One Satellite" (两弹一星 功勋 奖章) by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China , the State Council of the People's Republic of China and the Central Military Commission awarded.

Works

  • Works by Zhao Jiuzhang in the Chinese National Library (Chinese)
  • On the thermodynamics of the Passat basic flow. Mathematical and scientific dissertation [as Jeou-jang Jaw]. In: Publications of the Meteorological Institute of the University of Berlin; Vol. 2, H. 6. Dietrich Reimer Verlag , Berlin 1937.
  • The Formation of the Semipermanent Centers of Action in Relation to the Horizontal Solenoidal Field [as Jeou-jang Jaw]. In: Journal of Meteorology; Volume 3, December 1946. Boston 1946.
  • Some Theoretical Investigations and Model Experiments on the Structure of Radiation Belts and its Variation During a Magnetic Storm [as Jeou-jang Jaw]. In: Scientia Sinica, 16, 1645. Beijing 1965.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 吴智诚: 他 当之无愧 —— 追授 赵 九章 两弹一星 功勋 奖章. In: cssar.cas.cn. Retrieved August 22, 2019 (Chinese).
  2. ↑ 刘海永: 赵 九章 从 开封 走出 的 “两弹一星” 元勋. In: news.kf.cn. August 24, 2013, accessed August 22, 2019 (Chinese).
  3. ↑ 他 毕业于 清华大学 ， 主持 研发 人造卫星 ， 60 岁 不幸 成 囚犯. In: sohu.com. July 24, 2019, accessed August 22, 2019 (Chinese).
  4. ↑ 赵 九章. In: 93.gov.cn. August 23, 2018, accessed August 22, 2019 (Chinese).
  5. ↑ 赵 九章. In: casad.cas.cn. June 24, 2009, Retrieved August 22, 2019 (Chinese).
  6. ^ Zhao Jiuzhang: The Formation of the Semipermanent Centers of Action in Relation to the Horizontal Solenoidal Field. In: journals.ametsoc.org. January 15, 1946, accessed August 22, 2019 .
  7. ↑ 赵 九章. In: 93.gov.cn. August 23, 2018, accessed August 22, 2019 (Chinese).
  8. ↑ 历史 沿革. In: igg.cas.cn. Retrieved August 23, 2019 (Chinese).
  9. ↑ 研究所 发展 纪实. In: igg.cas.cn. September 26, 2007, Retrieved August 25, 2019 (Chinese). The certificate of appointment can be seen in the video below at 11:33 am.
  10. ↑ 历任 所长. In: igg.cas.cn. Retrieved August 23, 2019 (Chinese).
  11. ↑ 学院 简介. In: ess.ustc.edu.cn. Retrieved August 23, 2019 (Chinese).
  12. ↑ 赵 九章. In: 93.gov.cn. August 23, 2018, accessed August 22, 2019 (Chinese).
  13. ↑ 曹晓轩: 历届 全国 人大常委会 委员长 、 副 委员长 、 秘书长 、 委员. In: gov.cn. February 5, 2006, Retrieved August 23, 2019 (Chinese).
  14. ↑ 邱 波: 政协 第三届 全国 委员会 名誉 主席 、 主席 和 副主席 秘书长 、 常务委员 名单. In: scopsr.gov.cn. October 11, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2019 (Chinese).
  15. ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, pp. 117f.
  16. ^ History. In: english.nssc.cas.cn. Retrieved on August 24, 2019 .
  17. ↑ 赵竹青: 东方 红 一号 ”中国 第 一颗 人造卫星 诞生 内幕. In: scitech.people.com.cn. April 14, 2010, accessed August 24, 2019 (Chinese).
  18. ↑ 赵 九章. In: 93.gov.cn. August 23, 2018, accessed August 24, 2019 (Chinese).
  19. ↑ T-7 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on August 24, 2019 (English).
  20. ^ History. In: english.nssc.cas.cn. Retrieved on August 24, 2019 . Includes a photo of the letter to Zhou Enlai.
  21. ↑ 著名 无线电 电子 专家 陈芳允. In: gov.cn. September 26, 2007, Retrieved August 24, 2019 (Chinese).
  22. ↑ 赵 九章. In: 93.gov.cn. August 23, 2018, accessed August 24, 2019 (Chinese).
  23. ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, pp. 178f.
  24. ↑ 他 毕业于 清华大学 ， 主持 研发 人造卫星 ， 60 岁 不幸 成 囚犯. In: sohu.com. July 24, 2019, accessed August 25, 2019 (Chinese).
  25. ↑ 朱玲娟: 赵 九章 在 特 楼 服 安眠药 自杀 周恩来 闻 其 死讯 流泪. In: phtv.ifeng.com. December 12, 2013, Retrieved August 25, 2019 (Chinese). A total of 20 scientists died an unnatural death in the three special buildings 13, 14 and 15, for example the mathematician Hiong King-lai in building 13 on February 3, 1969 .
  26. ↑ 吴智诚: 他 当之无愧 —— 追授 赵 九章 两弹一星 功勋 奖章. In: cssar.cas.cn. Retrieved August 25, 2019 (Chinese).
Note: This article places the family name before the person's first name. This is the usual order in Chinese. Zhao is the family name here, Jiuzhang is the first name.
personal data
SURNAME Zhao, Jiuzhang
ALTERNATIVE NAMES 赵 九章 (Chinese); Zhào Jiǔzhāng (Pinyin)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Chinese geophysicist and meteorologist, one of the fathers of the satellite program of the People's Republic of China
DATE OF BIRTH October 15, 1907
PLACE OF BIRTH Kaifeng , Henan Province
DATE OF DEATH October 26, 1968
Place of death Zhongguancun , Beijing Government Immediate City