National Center for Space Science

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The National Center for Space Science ( Chinese  中國科學院 國家 空間 科學 中心  /  中国科学院 国家 空间 科学 中心 , Pinyin Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Guójiā Kōngjiān Kēxué Zhōngxīn ), often abbreviated to NSSC because of the English name National Space Science Center , is an institution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , which currently focuses on space weather and the development of electronic components for spacecraft . The head office is located in Beijing's Zhongguancun High- Tech District, Second South Street. 1, and the facility also has a campus in the northern outskirts of Huairou . Wang Chi has been the director of the center since December 28, 2017 .

history

The Center for Space Science or its predecessor organization was founded in September 1958 in connection with the then still secret project to develop a Chinese satellite, internally referred to as " Project 581 " because the project began in January of that year . Accordingly, the center was officially named "Office of Group 581 of the Chinese Academy of Sciences" (中国科学院 '581' 组 办公室, Pinyin Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn 581 Zǔ Bàngōngshì ), from those involved at that time mostly only "Group 581" ('581' 组) called. The first head of the office was Qian Xuesen , his two deputies were Zhao Jiuzhang and the geophysicist Wei Yiqing (卫 一 清, 1915–1988). The State Council of the People's Republic of China , the superordinate authority of the Academy, provided the following working groups between October and December 1958 in a building on West Garden Parade Ground 1a (halfway between Beijing University and the Summer Palaces ) in Beijing's Haidian district :

  • Headquarters (总体 组)
  • Electrodynamics (电学 组)
  • Space radiation (空间 光 辐射 组)
  • Telemetry (遥测 组)
  • Housing construction (结构 组)
  • Orbit tracking radar (雷达 定位 组)
  • Space weather simulation (环境 模拟 组)
  • High atmosphere (高空 大气 组)

With that one now had a quite extensive center for satellite construction and high atmosphere physics.

Qian Xuesen had already been involved in rocket technology at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology since the 1940s , first as assistant to Theodore von Kármán , then with his own chair, but it soon became clear that a great deal of basic research was still needed, to actually send a satellite into space. On January 21, 1959, Zhang Jingfu , vice president of the Academy of Sciences, had to tell the researchers that Deng Xiaoping (then general secretary of the CCP's Politburo ) had ordered the satellite project to be postponed for the time being because it was incompatible with the country's economic strength.

Group 581 remained, however, and was integrated into the Institute for Geophysics of the Academy of Sciences (中国科学院 地球物理 所 二 部) in early December 1959 as the "Second Department" . After Prime Minister Zhou Enlai and Deputy Prime Minister Nie Rongzhen , the chairman of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission, wrote motions from Zhao Jiuzhang and Qian Xuesen during the first session of the third parliamentary term of the National People's Congress (December 21, 1964 - January 4, 1965) had approved the resumption of the satellite project, the parts of the former group 581 that were directly involved in satellite construction migrated to the newly established "Engineering Office 651 of the Chinese Academy of Sciences" (中国科学院 "651" 设计院), which is outwardly known as "Engineering Office for Scientific Instruments of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ”(中国科学院 科学 仪器 设计院) and was headed by Zhao Jiuzhang. International was the project Institute 651 as "engineering office for satellite construction of the Chinese Academy of Sciences" (中国科学院卫星设计院) known under this name, it was on 20 February 1968, a number of other institutes and factories for the Chinese Academy of Space Technology merged where it formed the Institute of Space Physics and Metrology (空间 物理 及 探测 技术 研究所). In November 1978 the former engineering office for satellite construction finally returned to the Chinese Academy of Sciences as the “Institute for Space Physics” (空间 物理 研究所). In August 1987, the “Center for Space Science and Technology” (空间 科学技术 中心) united to the "Center for Space Science and Applied Research" (空间 科学 与 应用 研究 中心).

Priority space science program

In June 1998, the State Council of the People's Republic of China passed a 13-year program to build a National Innovation System (国家 创新 体系), in which the Chinese Academy of Sciences was to play a pioneering role as a test facility. As a result, the so-called “knowledge innovation project” (知识 创新 工程) was started at the academy. With funds from this program, the Center for Space Science and Applied Research had expanded the old Hainan altitude research department into the national space weather observation and research station. Since the program ended at the end of 2010 with the 11th five-year plan , the State Council passed a 10-year follow-up program called “Innovation 2020” (创新 2020) on March 31, 2010, in which the Academy of Sciences was to play a pioneering role again. On January 25, 2010, the Academy defined five promising research fields at its annual meeting:

On January 11, 2011, the Center for Space Science and Applied Research was informed of the approval of the funding, and the project was officially launched at the Academy's annual meeting on January 25, 2011. For a long time, Chinese space scientists had only been able to work with data that had been collected by foreign research satellites. As a result, they had been able to contribute little really new to science; they had no way of verifying their own approaches through practical research. This should now change. Wu Ji , the then director of the Center for Space Science, was responsible for the implementation of the “Strategic Priority Program for Space Science” (空间 科学 战略性 科技 科技 专项), in short “Space Science Priority Program” (空间 科学 先导 专项). In projects such as the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope or the Dark Matter Particle Explorer , the center primarily had coordination tasks; the payloads were developed by the Institute of High Energy Physics , Tsinghua University, etc. Nonetheless, its importance within the Academy of Sciences had risen, and to reflect this, on July 7, 2011, it was renamed the National Center for Space Science. The center decides which projects will be included in the priority program, trying to launch two research satellites in each five-year plan.

National focus laboratory for space weather

The Center for Space Science has had two main areas of responsibility since 1987:

  • Development and construction of payloads for satellites and deep space probes, a competence that the then Center for Space Science and Technology had brought in.
  • Implementation of own research projects in succession to the Institute for Space Physics.

Due to the increasing use of electronics in everyday life and the dependence on satellite communication in both the civil and military sectors, research on space weather was intensified worldwide in the second half of the 1990s . In 1999, the “Special Laboratory for Space Weather” (空间 天气 学院 重点 实验室) was finally founded at the Center for Space Science and Applied Research, with the task of not only doing basic research, but also developing models with which to deal with magnetic storms and the like Infrastructure damaging events can be predicted. In addition to the National Space Weather Observation and Research Station on Hainan, in the very south of China, observation stations were also set up in the then Yanqing district near Beijing and at the Xinglong branch of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory in Hebei . In 2009 the focus laboratory was elevated to the status of the “National focus laboratory for space weather” (空间 天气 学 国家 重点 实验室) in view of its increased importance.

In 2017, the focus laboratory, which not only conducts research in the national defense within the framework of the Academy of Sciences, but also on behalf of the National Authority for Science, Technology and Industry , had over 4000 m² of office space and a mainframe computer with a performance of 100 TeraFLOPS . At that time the laboratory had 82 permanent positions, which were divided into nine working groups:

Important projects of the Center for Space Science

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 巴西 航天 局 局长 访问 空间 中心 怀柔 园区. In: nssc.cas.cn. May 29, 2019, Retrieved June 20, 2019 (Chinese).
  2. ↑ 倪思洁: 吴 季 ： 做 中国 空间 科学 的 “老 菜农”. In: news.sciencenet.cn. March 5, 2018, accessed June 9, 2020 (Chinese).
  3. ↑ 赵竹青: 东方 红 一号 ”中国 第 一颗 人造卫星 诞生 内幕. In: scitech.people.com.cn. April 14, 2010, Retrieved June 19, 2019 (Chinese).
  4. ↑ a b 历史 沿革. In: nssc.cas.cn. Retrieved June 19, 2019 (Chinese).
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  6. ↑ 路甬祥 院长 视察 空间 中心 海南 探空 部. In: cssar.cas.cn. February 5, 2009, accessed June 11, 2020 (Chinese).
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  9. ↑ Wang Qiufeng et al .: Primary estimation of Chinese terrestrial carbon sequestration during 2001–2010. In: researchgate.net. Retrieved June 12, 2020 .
  10. ^ Science stars of China. In: nature.com. June 20, 2016, accessed June 12, 2020 (Chinese).
  11. ↑ 中国科学院 2011 年度 工作 会议 在 京 召开. In: cas.cn. January 25, 2011, accessed June 12, 2020 (Chinese).
  12. ↑ 孙 竞: 吴 季 ： 逐 梦 苍穹 一 苇 以 航. In: edu.people.com.cn. May 18, 2017, accessed June 9, 2020 (Chinese).
  13. ↑ HXMT - Hard X-Ray Modulation Telescope. In: spaceflight101.com. Retrieved June 13, 2020 .
  14. ^ Strategic Priority Program on Space Science. In: english.nssc.cas.cn. Retrieved June 13, 2020 .
  15. ↑ 简介. In: spaceweather.ac.cn. Retrieved June 25, 2020 (Chinese).
  16. ↑ 双星 计划. In: nssc.cas.cn. Retrieved June 19, 2019 (Chinese).
  17. ^ Meridian Project. In: english.nssc.cas.cn. June 5, 2013, accessed June 13, 2020 .
  18. ↑ 探 月 工程. In: nssc.cas.cn. Retrieved June 19, 2019 (Chinese).
  19. ↑ 王 赤. In: nssc.cas.cn. January 11, 2018, accessed June 13, 2020 (Chinese).
  20. ^ Andrew Jones: China's first Mars spacecraft undergoing integration for 2020 launch. In: spacenews.com. May 29, 2019, accessed June 22, 2019 .
  21. ↑ 载人 航天 工程. In: nssc.cas.cn. Retrieved June 19, 2019 (Chinese).
  22. ↑ 吴伟仁 et al .: 太阳系 边际 探测 研究. In: scis.scichina.com. January 9, 2019, accessed December 2, 2019 (Chinese).