Center for projects and technologies for the use of space

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The Center for projects and technologies for the use of the universe ( Chinese  中國科學院空間应用工程与技術中心  /  中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心 , Pinyin Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Kongjian yingyong Gongcheng Jishu yǔ Zhongxin ) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing Municipality Haidian is responsible for the long-term planning, construction, testing and maintenance of the payloads of the manned space program of the People's Republic of China . The center's director has been the space physicist Gao Ming (高, * 1964) since January 2011 ; she is also the commander of the payload system in the manned space program. Zhao Guangheng (赵光恒), inertial navigation engineer and deputy director of the center since January 2011, is the technical director of the payload system.

history

The predecessor organization of the center, the "Department of Space Sciences and Applications" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院 空间 科学 与 应用 总体 部) was established in 1993 with a staff of around a dozen men and women under the roof of the then Center for Space Sciences and Applied Research established. Their task was to propose useful payloads for the second phase of the manned space program, the so-called “Project 921-2”, ie a space laboratory inhabited for a short time . In 1994 the Space Science Department was merged with the Space Science Center, but retained its independence for practical purposes. The now over 30 men and women continued to deal only with project 921-2, while the other scientists and engineers focused on satellite construction and high-atmosphere physics. In 1996 this independence of the research group, which now comprises more than 70 people, was also formally expressed through the establishment of a main laboratory (总体 室).

Nonetheless, the two research groups worked closely together on the payloads of the spaceships until the Shenzhou-5 mission was completed in November 2003, i.e. during the first phase of the manned space program. A common power supply for all payloads on board the spaceship modules was developed, a combined data processing system and a communication system that radioed the payload data to earth via the spaceship's antennas. A “Center for Payload Applications” (ein Hoch 应用 中心), a kind of control center comparable to the Payload Operation and Application Center (POAC) at the European Space Flight Control Center in Darmstadt , was set up at the headquarters of the Center for Space Science in Beijing's Zhongguancun high-tech district , with the support of the manned space program from which the payloads could be controlled, where an initial processing of the data took place and these were forwarded to the payload operators.

Tiangong 1 (left) with docked Shenzhou spaceship (right)

On November 28, 2003, after Yang Liwei completed China's first manned spaceflight on October 15, completing the first phase of the program, the Payload Applications Center, Main Laboratory, and Administration were removed from the Space Science and Applied Center Research is detached and with all 96 employees as the “Main Space Department” (空间 总体 部) of the “Academy for Optoelectronics ” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院 光电 in) in southern Dengzhuang Street, which was newly formed from six optical and precision engineering research institutes . 9, Haidian District . Space physicist Gao Ming, who had been with the center since September 1994, most recently as head of the research planning department and head of administration, became deputy director of the new academy.

In November 2010 - the construction of the Tiangong 1 space laboratory was nearing completion - the CCP operating cell at the Chinese Academy of Sciences decided to set up a separate center for projects and technologies for the use of space with the Space Department as the core. In January 2011 the center started operations, at that time still with the suffix (筹) or “(under construction)”, Gao Ming became its director. The main task of the new center was defined as the maintenance of the payload system in the manned space program and the integration of the corresponding technologies. In August 2012, after the successful completion of the flight from Shenzhou 9 to the space laboratory, the establishment of the center was officially approved by the Office of the Public Sector Reform Commission (中央 机构 编制 委员会 办公室, a division of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ), the suffix "(under construction)" has been removed. Gao Ming was confirmed in office in the election of the board of directors in December 2012, and in January 2013 he was registered as an institution (事业单位) and legal entity .

organization structure

Modular space station

In the meantime, the center has moved to an eleven-story building complex behind the Academy for Optoelectronics, consisting of a south building, where the development of the payloads takes place, and a north building, where space weather is dealt with and the focus laboratories are located. In order to meet the challenges of operating the modular space station and the manned moon landing with long stays in space and the interaction between man and machine supported by artificial intelligence , on March 15, 2019 at the headquarters of the Center for Projects and Technologies for the Use of Space a "Center to Support the Implementation and Administration of the Human Space Program of the People's Republic of China" established. This center is bound by the instructions of the Office for Human Spaceflight, i.e. the Department for Weapons Development of the Central Military Commission , but day-to-day business is organized by the Center for Space Utilization, i.e. the Academy of Sciences . The center for projects and technologies for the use of space with its around 350 employees has the following structure:

  • Center to Support the Implementation and Administration of the People's Republic of China's Manned Space Program (中国 载人 航天 工程 运行 与 管理 支持 中心)
    • Main Laboratory for Technology (总体 技术 研究室)
    • Center for Planning Management (运营 规划 中心)
    • Application Development Laboratory (应用 发展 研究室 ， the former center for scientific projects of the Center for Space Utilization)
    • Data center (工程 数据 中心, the former center for data usage)
    • International Cooperation Office (国际 合作 办公室, the former International Cooperation Department)
  • Administration (职能 部门)
    • Main Office / Party Office (综合 办公室 / 党办)
      • Anti-Corruption Office (纪监审 办公室)
      • IT (信息 化 办公室)
    • Department for Projects (工程 处)
    • Science and Technology Department (科技 处)
    • Human Resources and Training Department (人事 教育 处)
      • Postgraduate Office (研究生 部)
    • Quality Control and Standards Department (质量 标准)
    • Transparency and Auditing Department (条件 保障 处)
    • Finance department (财务处)
    • Scientific and Technological Development Department (科技 发展 处)
  • Payload system projects (系统工程)
    • Main laboratory payload system (系统 总体 研究室)
    • Center for Technology Integration (集成 技术 中心)
    • Center for Operation and Control of Payloads (有效 载荷 运 控 中心, POAC)
    • Electronic Data Processing Laboratory (电子 信息 研究室)
  • Technology development (技术 研发)
    • Laboratory for testing for electromagnetic compatibility (电子 弹射 技术 研究室)
    • Space Production Laboratory (太空 制造 技术 研究室)
    • Space Exploration Laboratory (空间 探索 技术 研究室)
    • Laboratory for simulations (仿真 技术 研究室)
  • Quality assurance (高 可靠)
    • Center for Evaluation and Testing of Software (软件 评测 中心)
    • Center for Reliability Management (可靠性 保障 中心)
  • Focus laboratory for the use of space (太空 应用 重点 实验室)
  • Specialized laboratory for technologies for industrial production in space (太空 制造 技术 重点 实验室)

Since this is confidential high technology - for example, the focus laboratory for technologies for industrial production in space has primarily dealt with the production of structures from lunar regolith etc. using 3D printing , also under the conditions of microgravity since 2018 - find for the Employees of the Center for Projects and Technologies for the Use of Space take place quarterly training courses on secrecy, with clarification of the legal situation - the legal basis is the law on the protection of state secrets of April 29, 2010 and the associated implementing provisions of January 17, 2014 - and Educational films on behavior that violates said law and incidents that should raise the alarm bells.

Teaching

In addition to its role in the development and maintenance of payloads, the Center for Projects and Technologies for Using Space also acts as the campus of the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences . There are no tuition fees and scholarships are offered for rent in the center's dormitory, canteen meals, health insurance, etc.: 700 yuan basic scholarship per month for prospective engineering students, 1300 yuan / month for doctoral students. In addition, there is up to 700 yuan / month for engineering students and doctoral students who achieve good exam results or contribute useful ideas to projects at the center. Engineering students in the sophomore year can earn up to 1,400 yuan / month as assistants, and doctoral students up to 1,800 yuan. Students who forego cigarette consumption, frequent visits to the cinema (in Beijing up to 100 yuan per performance), etc., can use it to graduate at no cost; the employment rate for graduates of the center is 100%.

15 of the professors working at the center are authorized to supervise doctoral students, plus another 12 lecturers who deal exclusively with prospective engineering students. In December 2018, 73 doctoral students and 101 engineering students were enrolled at the center. The following courses are offered for doctoral students, in which they spend most of their time working on projects:

  • Computer applications
  • Signal and data processing
  • Supervision of scientific and engineering projects

The following practice-oriented courses are available for graduate engineers:

  • Supervision of scientific and engineering projects
  • Computer applications
  • Construction of missiles

There are also the following engineering courses with all-day classes:

  • Computer science
  • Communications engineering

Center for operation and control of payloads

In May 1994, the Science, Technology and Industry Commission for National Defense under General Ding Henggao (丁 衡 高, * 1931), who was also the commander of the manned space program , approved an application from the Chinese Academy of Sciences to build a center for payload applications. A total of 100 million yuan has been made available for the project numbered 921-2831. Since the payload scientists and engineers of the manned space program were still working under the umbrella of the Center for Space Science and Applied Research , the large, four-story building was erected on the site of that facility in Beijing's Zhongguancun high-tech district . In 1998 the construction work was basically finished and the first offices were occupied. In 2000, the Center for Payload Applications was fully completed.

Signpost to the space city with a calligraphy by Jiang Zemin

On November 28, 2003, the Center for Payload Applications was separated from the Center for Space Science and affiliated to the newly formed Academy for Optoelectronics, which is located in the space city , in the "Beijing Base for New Technologies of the Chinese Academy of Sciences" (中国科学院 北京 新 技术 基地) moved into their quarters. Initially, this was just an organizational measure; the offices and control center remained in Zhongguancun. It was not until November 2010, after the academy decided to set up an independent center for projects and technologies for the use of space, that the center for payload applications moved to a new building behind the academy for optoelectronics. In 2013 the center was given its current name: “Center for Operation and Control of Payloads”, known abroad as “Payload Operation and Application Center” or “POAC”.

In addition to the offices and computers in Haidian , the "Miyun Receiving Station" (密云 接收站), also known as "Beijing Station" (北京 站) , was established in Xiwengzhuang Town in the northern outskirts of Miyun , west of Jinpoluo Village (金 叵 罗村). , today officially "Ground station for space use" (空间 应用 地面站) built, with a parabolic antenna 11.28 m in diameter, which is initially via a receiver for the frequency range 2.2 - 2.3 GHz (referred to there as S-band ) in addition to options for data storage and for precise location of the antennas using navigation satellites. The latter is necessary because the station has its own system for tracing the orbit of the spacecraft, which always aligns the antennas with the target. In 1998, the Miyun receiving station, separated only by a wall from the Miyun data receiving station of the Institute for Remote Sensing and Digital Geosciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院 遥感 与 数字 地球 研究所), which was commissioned in 1986, was basically completed.

The station, at that time still under the umbrella of the Center for Space Science, had its first use during the Shijian 5 mission of the Academy of Sciences launched on May 10, 1999, a 300 kg and 1.2 m³ small satellite the actual experiments on the behavior of liquids under microgravity and the observation of the effect that high-energy ionizing particles had on the on-board electronics, so-called " single event upsets ", the main purpose of which was to test the real-time control of several payloads at the same time. On board the satellite, the cosmic rays caused bit flips in the storage media up to four times a day , but thanks to the redundancy of the data transmission paths , the satellite was able to operate until November 1999.

This proved the operational readiness of the Miyun receiving station and the control center in Beijing. While the flight from Shenzhou 1 on November 20, 1999 was primarily a test of the return capsule, with 100 kg of seeds as the only payload, numerous experiments on materials science, space biology, astronomy and space weather (with a focus on high atmosphere) were installed in and on the orbital module of Shenzhou 2 . After the spacecraft launched on January 2, 2001, the orbital module remained in orbit for a total of 227 days, the experiments ran for 167 days. During this time, the Center for Payload Applications not only controlled the devices in orbit, but also conducted comparative experiments on Earth. Fast data transfer from space, first processing in Miyun, storage and archiving of the data as well as their formatting for the operator of the payloads worked smoothly.

During the flight of Shenzhou 7 in September 2008 the public from spacewalk Zhai Zhigang was fascinated, there was a major challenge in this mission in the accompanying satellite that was disconnected a few hours after leaving Colonel Zhai from the orbital module on 27 September 2008 for the payload center. On the one hand, while experiments were running in which solid lubricants and thin foils were exposed to the conditions of space as the basis for flexible solar modules , the orbital data of the satellite had to be determined and the images of the spaceship recorded by its 1.3 megapixel stereo camera received. Several images were superimposed in order to achieve a better image quality. A further developed version of this technology is to be used in the Tianwen-1 Mars mission in 2021 .

After the center for payload applications moved to the new eleven-story building behind the Academy for Optoelectronics in November 2010, the Miyun ground station was also expanded in the course of 2011 in order to meet the increased requirements for missions with the Tiangong 1 space laboratory and a docked Shenzhou spaceship to be. The antenna was equipped with an X / S dual-band receiver that could receive data on both 2.2 - 2.3 GHz and 7.95 - 8.95 GHz, which was sent from multiple sources simultaneously at a speed of 300 MB / s came in. In addition to possibilities for a quick initial inspection and assessment of the condition of the raw data, a "secrecy system" with three different levels was introduced, as a total of 17 space biological experiments were carried out in the space laboratory in cooperation with German universities. The raw data of level 0 are archived in table form and initially only made available to the manufacturers of the payloads. Level 1 data is set in conjunction with the orbital data, and Level 2 data consists of images. Level 1 and 2 data are made available to registered users after six months, and partly to the general public after 12 months.

A large modular space station is to be built from 2020 . In parallel with the organizational expansion of the Center for Projects and Technologies for the Use of Space in March 2019, after the academy had passed by in January 2018, the Beijing branch of the Academy of Sciences approved a plan to expand the Miyun ground station on May 22, 2019. Under the direction of the Center's Transparency and Auditing Department, a comprehensive renovation of the more than 20-year-old building was carried out, improving working and living conditions there - the station has a permanent crew of six men and women under the direction of telecommunications professor Ma Zhongsong (马忠松) - and created opportunities for popularizing manned space travel, i.e. viewing it by school classes. Above all, however, a floor space was created on which a container village made of laboratory containers can be built. The construction work was finished in September 2019. 40 ° 27 '4.9 "  N , 116 ° 51' 36.4"  E

Web links

Individual evidence

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Coordinates: 40 ° 4 ′ 22 ″  N , 116 ° 16 ′ 49 ″  E