Chinese Academy of Space Technology

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The Chinese Academy of Space Technology ( Chinese  中國 空間 技術 研究院  /  中国 空间 技术 研究院 ), also called the “Fifth Academy” (五 院) for historical reasons , is often abbreviated to “CAST” because of the English name China Academy of Space Technology the lead company of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation for the spacecraft business . In addition, CAST is also an actual academy, with the authorization to award doctorates in engineering subjects. The company's headquarters is located in the Space City (航天城, Pinyin Hángtiān Chéng ) in the far north of Beijing Municipality Haidian .

history

In early 1967, Field Marshal Nie Rongzhen , Vice Prime Minister and Chairman of the " Commission of the Chinese People's Liberation Army for Science and Technology in National Defense, " proposed in a written submission to the State Council of the People's Republic of China to create an academy for space technology. While the decision-making process was still going on at the government level - it was in the middle of the Cultural Revolution - Field Marshal Nie set up a “Planning Office Academy for Space Technology” (空间 技术 研究院 筹备 处) in August of that year. Under the leadership of Prof. Qian Xuesen and Major General Chang Yong (常勇, 1915–2012), the planning office developed a concept for the academy to be founded, which was approved in November 1967 by the Commission for Science and Technology in National Defense. On February 20, 1968, the Chinese Academy for Space Technology was formed from the following individual institutes:

  • Satellite Engineering Office of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院 卫星 设计院, also known as Engineering Office 651 or 中国科学院 “651” 设计院)
  • Automation Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院 自动化 研究所)
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences Mechanics Research Institute (中国科学院 力学 研究所)
  • Research Institute of Applied Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院 应用 地球物理 研究所)
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences Electrical Engineering Research Institute (中国科学院 电工 研究所)
  • Southwest China Electronics Research Institute (西南 电子 研究所)
  • Biophysics Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院 生物 物理 物理)
  • Physical Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou (中国科学院 兰州 物理 研究所)
  • Beijing Scientific Instrument Factory (北京 科学 仪器厂)
  • Shanghai Scientific Instrument Factory (上海 科学 仪器厂)
  • Shanxier Scientific Instruments Factory, Taigu (山西 太谷 科学 仪器厂)
  • Eighth engineering office of the Seventh Ministry of Mechanical Engineering (七 机 部 第八 设计院, formerly Engineering Office for Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering Shanghai or 上海 机电 设计院)
  • Third research institute of the Academy for Military Medicine (军事 医学 科学院 第三 研究所)

Grouped into 12 departments, the Space Technology Academy now had 8,570 employees. Qian Xuesen became the first director, Major General Chang Yong acted as political commissar.

These were difficult times for science; On January 23, 1967, Qian Xuesen was caught in an attack by the Red Guards on the Seventh Ministry of Mechanical Engineering , of which he was then deputy head. Major General Chang, however, managed to keep the scientists largely free. After Mao Zedong had officially disbanded the Red Guards on 28 July 1968, and attended Revolutionary Committee for a degree of stability was finally in the Academy developed for space technology and built satellite on April 24, 1970 Dong Fang Hong I from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center started from become. With that, China had become a space nation.

On July 24, 1973, the Academy, which had previously been subordinate to the Commission of the Chinese People's Liberation Army for Science and Technology in National Defense, was assigned to the Seventh Ministry of Mechanical Engineering, followed its gradual transformation through the reform and opening policy , and as on July 1, 1999 with the establishment the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation , the restructuring of the Ministry was completed in a regular business, the academy has joined the new group as the fifth branch of the Institute. Its official name was now "Fifth Academy of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation" (中国 航天 科技 集团公司 第五 研究院), but was soon changed back to the "Chinese Academy of Space Technology".

Business areas

Within the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, the China Great Wall Industry Corporation also deals with satellites, but the CGWIC only acts as an intermediary and contractual partner with foreign customers such as NIGCOMSAT , the Agencia Boliviana Espacial etc., during the actual communication satellites ( NigComSat-1 , Venesat-1 , Paksat 1R , TKSat-1 ) are manufactured by CAST in the Beijing “Factory 529” (529 厂). Weather satellites of the Fengyun series are also manufactured there (with the Shanghai Academy for Space Technology , another subsidiary of CASC contributing the instruments), earth observation satellites of the Yaogan series, amateur radio satellites of the Xiwang series, navigation satellites of the Beidou series, spy satellites of the Fanhuishi and Shijian series and numerous other satellite models. Since 2009 the research institute 502 (see below) has been working on the development of a miniature engine for microsatellites that uses a monergol fuel based on ammonium dinitramide (ADN) and generates a thrust of 0.2N. In 2016, this engine was successfully tested in orbit for the first time. After another orbital test in March 2020, the institute is now producing complete drive modules that can be built into satellites by the customer.

However, CAST became famous above all with the manned Shenzhou spaceships and the lunar probes . The Mars probe Tianwen-1 was also built at CAST (while its predecessor Yinghuo-1 was developed and built by the Shanghai Academy of Space Technology ). In addition, subsidiaries manufacture statin- based cholesterol-lowering drugs from molds of the genus Monascus purpureus sent into space by satellites, luxury hotels and simpler accommodations are operated under the Shenzhou International and Shenzhou B&B Inn brands , and the Shenzhou Smart System Technology Corporation is still offering Qian Xuesen developed the concept of “metasynthetic wisdom” (an early form of artificial intelligence ) based, networked city administration systems that offer everything from monitoring released prisoners, drug users and notorious petitioners to controlling street lights to managing schools and hospitals what a modern local government needs. The Chinese Academy of Space Technology achieved total sales of 34 billion yuan and a net profit of 2.55 billion yuan in 2015 with around 20,000 employees.

The director of the Chinese Academy of Space Technology has been Zhang Hongtai (张洪 太, * 1965), a communications engineer who studied electrical engineering at the Beijing Technical University from 1983 to 1987 , then to the Research Institute 504 of CAST in Xi'an (see below ) and had acquired the degree of Postgraduate Specialist (专业 硕士) in telecommunications and electronics there in July 1990, a kind of "specialist doctorate" which in China is above the graduate engineer (硕士) but below the doctor (博士) . Zhang Hongtai stayed in Xi'an until 2008, most recently as director of the CAST subsidiary academy there, until he moved to Beijing's headquarters in May of that year as deputy director of the Academy for Space Technology. Since March 2016, Zhang Hongtai has also been CEO of China Spacesat Corporation (中国 东方 红 卫星 股份有限公司), a subsidiary of CAST, which in turn is the parent company of Dong Fang Hong Satellite GmbH (航天 东方 红 卫星 有限公司, the manufacturer of the relay satellite Elsternbrücke ), Sternentechnologie GmbH (航天 恒星 科技 有限公司, the former Research Institute 503) and 12 other companies related to satellite construction.

On August 14, 2020, the middle management level at the Academy for Space Technology was restructured, with the previous main development department (北京 空间 飞行器 总体设计 部, also known as "Research Institute 501") being split up. Now there are three corporate divisions below the director:

Development and production base for oversized spacecraft

On February 2, 2012, the Chinese Academy of Space Technology, under the patronage of Lieutenant General Niu Hongguang (牛 红光, * 1951), Deputy Commander of the manned space program , agreed a center for final assembly with the administration of the Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area in the Dongli district there To build integration of the system components and verification of the functionality of oversized spacecraft (超大型 航天 器 总装 集成 测试 中心), also known as “AIT 中心” or “AIT center” because of the English term assembly, integration and test . At that time, the Academy for Space Technology in Tianjin already had a factory hall for testing payloads, a hall for machining large components, and a hall for precision mechanical finishing. The new AIT center became necessary due to the construction of the modular space station with its up to 18 m long components, which among other things have to be tested for airtightness, whereby the requirements are an order of magnitude higher than for the Shenzhou spaceships. In addition, oversized communication and earth observation satellites were to be developed and built in the new center.

The center went into operation in July 2016. With an area of ​​100,000 m², it is the world's largest facility of its kind, it has 15 test stations at which, among other things, space conditions (vacuum, solar radiation, cold) can be simulated. As early as 2012, the Research Institute 518, renamed the “Research Institute for Electromechanical Space Equipment Tianjin” (天津 航天 机电 设备 研究所), was relocated from Taigu , Shanxi Province , to Tianjin, where together with the AIT center, it forms the “development and production base for oversized spacecraft ”(超大型 航天 器 研发 制造 及 应用 产业 基地) of the Academy for Space Technology.

Research and Teaching

In addition to the manufacture and sale of spacecraft, CAST also deals with basic engineering research. For this purpose, the Academy has a number of research institutes which are designated according to the principle "5" (for "Fifth Academy") + consecutive number:

  • Research Institute 502 (control systems and drive technology), Beijing
  • Research Institute 503 (satellite applications), Beijing
  • Research Institute 504 (Space Radio ), Xi'an , also known as "Xi'an Branch Academy" (西安 分院)
  • Research Institute 508 (landing systems etc.), Beijing
  • Research Institute 510 (Physics), Lanzhou , the former Physical Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (see above )
  • Research Institute 511 ( Space Weather ), Beijing
  • Research Institute 512 (spacecraft and space probe computer science), Beijing
  • Research Institute 513 (Space Electronics), Yantai , Shandong Province
  • Research Institute 514 ( measurement technology ), Beijing
  • 515 Research Institute (Electronics), Shantou , Guangdong Province
  • Research Institute 518 (Electromechanics), Tianjin

Even if the research carried out at these institutes should benefit the company in the long term - the strategic direction is determined by the Qian-Xuesen laboratory - working there is much more relaxed than in the laboratories of the main departments, where overtime is the rule rather than the exception and yet no mistake may happen (for this purpose, CAST has seven state-certified quality test centers for the various components of the spacecraft, which are located at the Research Institute 514 for Metrology in Beijing). The Academy for Space Technology offers 12 courses for prospective engineers, 3 courses for doctoral students and 3 places for postdocs . CAST, which outsourced its teaching activities on December 28, 2005 as its own " Shenzhou Academy" (神舟 学院), is entitled to issue doctoral degrees. The total number of students is limited. Between 1968 and 2011 a good 1900 engineering degrees and doctoral degrees were awarded, which corresponds to an average of around 44 graduates per year.

The professors first came to CAST in 1968 with the original institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Today it is usually the case that well-earned engineers who have already obtained a doctorate are appointed to the Academy of Sciences or the Chinese Academy of Engineering as science councilors with the rank of professor (研究员) towards the end of their professional lives . You then have similar rights and obligations as a professor emeritus in Germany, i. H. they can, but do not have to, give lectures, but are expected to supervise engineering students and doctoral students and support them in preparing their thesis. There are currently 4 members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and 5 members of the Academy of Engineering at CAST.

Magazines

The Academy for Space Technology and its research institutes publish a number of specialist journals in which not only their own results are presented, but researchers from external institutes can also publish articles and report on international trends:

  • " Space electronics " (空间 電子 技術, English Space Electronic Technology ), since 1971 (until 1975 under the name “Developments in foreign space electronics” or 国外 空间 电子 技术 动态) published by the 504 Research Institute. Initially only for internal business use , from 2003 sold to the public. Two-month publication frequency.
  • "Chinese Space Science and Technology" (中國 空间 科学 技術, English Chinese Space Science and Technology ), published since 1981 by CAST. Two-month publication frequency.
  • "Vacuum and low temperature" (真空 与 低温, English Vacuum and Cryogenics ), published by the 510 Research Institute since 1982. Initially only for internal business use, from 1995 sold to the public. Two-month publication frequency.
  • "Raumflugkörper" (航天 器 工程, English Spacecraft Engineering ), published since 1992 by the main development department for spacecraft (空间 飞行器 总体设计 部) in Beijing, initially only for internal service use, in October 2006 by the then National Press Office (国家 新闻 出版 总署) Application for public sale approved, publicly sold from 2007. Two-month publication frequency.
  • “Internationale Raumfahrt” (国际 太空, English Space International ), published by the Research Institute 512 since 1976 (until 1995 under the name “Developments in foreign space travel” or 国外 空间 动态).
  • "Satellite Application " (卫星 应用, English Satellite Application ), published by the Research Institute 512 since 2010.
  • “Return capsules and remote reconnaissance” (航天 返回 与 遥感, English Spacecraft Recovery & Remote Sensing ), published by the 508 Research Institute since 1980 (until 1993 under the name “Trägerrketentechnologie” or 运载火箭.). Initially only for internal business use, from 2000 sold to the public. Two-month publication frequency.
  • "Spacecraft and Space Weather" (航天 器 环境 工程, English Spacecraft Environment Engineering ), published by the 511 Research Institute since 1994 (until 1999 under the name of "Environmental Technology" or 环境 技术). Initially only for internal business use, from 2005 sold to the public. Two-month publication frequency.

subsidiary company

CAST has a number of subsidiaries (which in turn have subsidiaries):

  • Shenzhou Academy (神舟 学院)
  • China Spacesat Corporation (中国 东方 红 卫星 股份有限公司)
  • Shenzhou Industry and Trade Holding Company (神舟 实业 总公司)
  • Kangtuo Infrared Technology GmbH, Beijing (北京 康 拓 红外 技术 股份有限公司, English Beijing Ctrowell Technology Corporation Limited )
  • Shenzhou Investmentverwaltung GmbH (航天 神舟 投资 管理 有限公司)
  • Technologieentwicklung GmbH, Zhongguancun space start-up park, Beijing (北京 中关村 航天 创新 园 科技 发展 有限公司)
  • Shenzhou Astrobiology GmbH (航天 神舟 生物 科技 集团 有限公司)
  • Development Center for Metasynthetic Wisdom , Beijing (北京 航天 大成 智慧 系统 技术 发展 中心)

Web links

Individual evidence

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Coordinates: 40 ° 4 '24.7 "  N , 116 ° 15' 54.8"  E