Shanghai Academy of Space Technology

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The Shanghai Academy of Space Technology ( Chinese  上海 航天 技術 研究院  /  上海 航天 技术 研究院 ), also called "Eighth Academy" (八 院) for historical reasons , is often abbreviated to "SAST" because of the English name Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology a division of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation . This is where satellites, launch vehicles and anti-aircraft missiles are manufactured. The company's headquarters are in the Minhang district of Shanghai .

history

S-75

After the end of the Korean War in 1953, Taiwanese reconnaissance planes penetrated Chinese airspace with increasing frequency with American support . The Chinese Air Force had nothing to oppose these high-altitude reconnaissance vehicles. In 1957, a total of 53 airspace violations occurred through Taiwan, and the People's Liberation Army fighter planes, which rose 69 times, could not intercept a single scout. As a result, China set up an anti-aircraft missile regiment with three battalions in 1958 , which were equipped with a total of 50 S-75 anti-aircraft missiles imported from the Soviet Union (in the Soviet Union the system was not put into service until 1959). The missiles proved their worth. On October 7, 1959, the 2nd Battalion, which was deployed on October 1 to protect the parade on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic, managed to shoot down a Taiwanese Martin B-57 Canberra reconnaissance aircraft that had penetrated Beijing airspace.

Fifty anti-aircraft missiles weren't much for a country the size of China. As early as 1958, immediately after the regiment was set up , the 5th Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense , headed by Qian Xuesen , began to build the S-75 with Soviet support. The Chinese version of the rocket had the internal designation "543". The 5th Research Institute had three branch institutes (分院), whereby the development of surface-to-surface missiles , anti-aircraft missiles and anti-ship missiles was based at the 1st branch institute. In December 1959, 17 engineers from the 1st and 2nd branch institute were assigned who, after the preliminary planning had been completed, began to prepare for production in a factory together with Soviet experts. However, on July 16, 1960, after a prolonged crisis between Khrushchev and Mao, the Soviet embassy handed the Chinese government a note that all Soviet experts would be recalled. By the end of August 1960, 1,390 men and women had left the country.

In August 1960, Field Marshal Nie Rongzhen , the chairman of the Defense Technology Commission of the People's Liberation Army , ordered that Chinese scientists and engineers should continue to develop the 543 missile and make it ready for series production, relying on their own strength. At that time, Shanghai was one of the few industrial centers in China - since 1959, the “ Engineering Office for Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Shanghai ” had been developing the T-7 sounding rocket there . Therefore, on August 1, 1961 , the "Second Shanghai Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Bureau" (上海 机电 二 局, Pinyin Shànghǎi Jīdiàn Èr Jú ) was founded there on the instructions of the Central Committee of the CCP , the State Council of the People's Republic of China and the Central Military Commission . The second office was assigned by the Shanghai City Council (上海市 人民 委员会) the machine works New Democracy (新民 机器 厂), which was founded in 1921 by Hu Juewen (胡厥文, 1895-1989), one of the fathers of the Democratic State- Building Society of China . The working conditions there were difficult: while on the one hand the old halls of the facility now known as "Factory 149" were being converted and expanded, the engineers were simultaneously working on the designs for the rocket and the workers were being trained on the precision machines. In 1964 the five laboratories, which had previously formed the 2nd branch of the 5th Research Institute, were relocated from Beijing to Shanghai. On December 10, 1964, the naming commission of the State Council officially named the rocket 543 “Hongqi 1” or “Red Flag 1” (红旗 一号, Pinyin Hóngqí Yīhào ). The rocket had already completed its first flight in June 1963, and in May 1964 the on-board radar was tested on target objects. On September 26, 1964, the missile hit a target towed by a MiG-15 , and on January 10, 1965, a Hongqi 1 stationed near Baotou shot down its first real U-2 .

Hongqi 2

The Hongqi 1 was a 1: 1 copy of the Soviet S-75. But as early as January 1964, the Second Bureau had suggested building a further developed, purely Chinese version based on the rocket, which was then still known as the “543”. On January 4, 1965, the 5th Research Institute was separated from the Ministry of Defense by resolution of the National People's Congress and became an independent authority as the “Seventh Ministry for the Mechanical Engineering Industry”. For the second office, however, nothing changed in practice. In April 1965, at a meeting in the Seventh Ministry, the development of the " Hongqi 2 " missile was decided. Lockheed had learned from the kills and equipped the U-2 with a system that warned the pilot if his aircraft was detected by the radar of an anti-aircraft missile. For this reason, the so-called “ semi-active target search ” was chosen for the Hongqi 2 , in which the aircraft is illuminated by a radar station on the ground and the missile finds its target using the radar waves reflected by the aircraft. A similar method ( command steering up to 45 km from the target) had already been experimented with on the S-75 supplied by the Soviet Union, and on November 1, 1963, a U-2 that had penetrated Chinese airspace near Wenzhou was shot down. Therefore, Qian Xuesen approved the new technology. The Hongqi 2 was launched for the first time in June 1965, successfully completed target exercises in July and December 1966, and on September 8, 1967, a U-2 that had penetrated Chinese airspace near Jiaxing was shot down at an altitude of 20,500 m. The Taiwanese Air Force had now lost a total of five U-2 aircraft over China, two pilots (Zhang Liyi and Ye Changdi) were captured, the other three had not survived. Then the reconnaissance flights were stopped.

The Hongqi 2 has been improved over the years. The development of the Hongqi 2A began in 1973, which had a higher speed and was less sensitive to electronic interference. From 1978 the Hongqi 2B mounted on a self-propelled gun with a chain chassis was developed. These two missiles entered service in 1984 and 1986, respectively. Especially to defend against the Lockheed SR-71 - which was never used over China - the Hongqi 3 with an altitude of up to 30,000 m was developed at the end of the 1960s and put into service in June 1974. In contrast to the other models that worked with a liquid fuel upper stage, the Hongqi 4 had a solid rocket engine for both stages . Meanwhile, the opponents of China had switched to satellite reconnaissance, and so only a few prototypes of this model were built. The technologies used in the Hongqi 4 were used in the 1980s by the Chinese Academy for Air Defense Systems (now “Changfeng Engineering Office for Electrical Engineering”) for the development of the Hongqi 9 .

Headquarters of the second office

After the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, an extreme left-wing group, later known as the " Gang of Four ", gained increasing influence in Chinese politics. Jiang Qing , Zhang Chunqiao , Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen all had their roots in Shanghai. In view of the escalating conflicts with the " bourgeois " Soviet Union, they commissioned the Second Bureau for Mechanical and Electrical Engineering after the incident at the Djungarian Gate on August 13, 1969, in the same month, on the basis of the ICBM, which was still in development at the time Dongfeng 5 to develop a two-stage carrier rocket with liquid propulsion , which should also carry electronic reconnaissance satellites of the type "Changkong 1" or "Wide Heaven 1" (长空 一号, Pinyin Chángkōng Yīhào ) into near-earth orbit. These satellites, also known abroad as “JSSW” because of the code name “Technologieerprobungssatellit” or 技术 实验 卫星 (Pinyin Jìshù Shíyàn Wèixīng ), were intended to collect information about the radar and air defense systems of the Soviet Union. Defense Minister Lin Biao , who on October 18, 1969 with his "Order No. 1" (林 副 统帅 一号 战斗 号令, Pinyin Lín Fùtǒngshuài Yīhào Zhàndòu Hàolìng ) almost triggered a nuclear war with the Soviet Union, did not belong to the group Jiang Qing, but was ideologically close to her.

According to the phrase Geming Fengbao at the time , ie “Storm of the Revolution”, “ Fengbao 1 ” or “Storm 1” was chosen as the name for the rocket , also to distinguish itself from the Soviet Union, which the Chinese left believed to be in the Peaceful coexistence had been comfortably established. The actual work on the project began in December 1969. The Second Bureau for Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Shanghai was controlled by the Gang of Four, but was still a legal department of the Seventh Ministry of Mechanical Engineering. This not only gave access to the plans of the Dongfeng 5 developed at the 1st Academy of the Seventh Ministry (now the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology ), but also received support from the 067 base in Fengzhou (now the Academy of Liquid Rocket Engine Technology ), which developed the engines required for the rocket . The Fengbao 1 was designed for a payload of 1.1 t, so it had no influence on the development work when the 1st Academy began in 1970 with the development of another launcher, the " Long March 2 ". The latter was supposed to put 2.5-ton return satellites with a camera for optical remote sensing into orbit, so it had a different mission profile.

Lin Biao was killed in a plane crash on September 13, 1971, but work on Fengbao 1 continued. On August 10, 1972, the rocket completed its first suborbital test flight. The first two launches with a real Changkong 1 as a payload on September 18, 1973 and July 12, 1974 failed, but the third attempt on July 26, 1975 was successful. This meant that the Fengbao 1 was ready for action four months earlier than the Langer Marsch 2, which only completed a successful flight in the CZ-2C variant on November 26, 1975. However, apart from the larger payload, the CZ-2C of the 1st Academy was much more reliable than the Feng Bao 1. By 1981, of eight launches by the Fengbao 1, only four were successful, while the CZ-2C did not have a single one during the same period Had failed. Therefore the production of the rocket was stopped after the (successful) launch on September 19, 1981.

As early as 1978, the Second Bureau had received the order to develop a three-stage launcher based on the Fengbao 1 that could carry satellites into a geostationary transfer orbit . In 1979 the actual development work began, but was stopped in March 1982 because the requirement profile had changed. Now a new version of the rocket called the " Long March 4A " was supposed to move China's first weather satellite Fengyun 1A , also to be developed at the Second Bureau, into a sun-synchronous orbit . This was achieved on the first flight of the rocket on September 6, 1988. In May 1982 the Seventh Ministry of Mechanical Engineering was renamed as the “ Ministry of Space Industry ” as part of a cabinet reform , and in June 1982 the Second Bureau for Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering was renamed “Shanghai Space Office” (上海 航天 局). The Gang of Four had already been arrested on October 6, 1976 and convicted on January 25, 1981 for forming a counter-revolutionary association (反革命 集团), but the Shanghai Space Agency continued to enjoy a large degree of independence. While in Beijing the production of launchers and spacecraft was divided between the 1st and 5th Academy of the Ministry, in Shanghai both were in one hand.

On March 22, 1993, the Ministry was dissolved by a resolution of the National People's Congress and the “umbrella company for the space industry” was formed, no longer an authority, but a corporation, albeit not a profit one. The Shanghai Space Agency stayed with the company and was given its current name as part of the structural reform - “Shanghai Academy of Space Technology”. When the holding company was split up into a primarily civil and a primarily military part on July 1, 1999 - the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and the China Aerospace Machinery and Electronics Corporation - the Shanghai Academy remained, as its work at that time was in the civil sector, at CASC. There it was classified as the “Eighth Academy” in the system of the corporate divisions. The Academy for Space Technology does have a department for basic research, but unlike the other academies of the CASC, where students who have acquired at least a preliminary diploma at a regular university actually receive academic degrees (diploma engineer, specialist doctorate or doctorate) as part of a dual education. Shanghai does not act as a teaching facility, but only deals with development and production.

Business areas

The Shanghai Academy of Space Technology now has two major divisions:

  • Main Department for Missile Mounted Weapons (机 载 武器 总体 部; anti-aircraft missiles)
  • Main Department of Space Science (空间 科学 总体 部; Launchers and Spacecraft)

A number of research institutes are subordinate to these, some of which are shared:

  • Research Institute 509 (卫星 工程 研究所, satellites), Minhang
  • 800 Research Institute (精密 机械 研究所, Precision Mechanics), Songjiang
  • Research Institute 802 (无线电 设备 研究所, Funk), Yangpu
  • Research Institute 803 (控制 技术 研究所, Control Technology ), Caohejing High-Tech Park
  • Research Institute 804 (电子 技术 研究所, Electronics), Minhang
  • Research Institute 806 (动力 技术 研究所, Drive Technology), Huzhou
  • Research Institute 807 (技术 基础 研究所, Basic Research), Minhang
  • 811 Research Institute (空间 电源 研究所, Power Supply), Caohejing High-Tech Park
  • Research Institute 812 (卫星 装备 研究所, satellite equipment), Minhang
  • Beijing Research and Development Center (八 院 北京 研发 中心)
  • Base 603 , Maolin
Hongqi 16

In its military division, the academy produces shoulder-supported anti - aircraft missiles of the HongYing-6 type and its improved version Feinu-16, in which a combined IR / UV seeker head with rosette scanning is used, as is also used in the FIM-92 Stinger . The vehicle-mounted air defense systems of the type Feibao-6 were presented for the first time at the Zhuhai aerospace exhibition in November 2014, in which two starting blocks with eight HongYing-6 missiles each are mounted on an off-road vehicle, while another vehicle with a phased-array radar takes control of the missiles. This battlefield system is intended for defense against aircraft at a distance of 500 m to 6 km that fly at an altitude of 10 to 4000 m. With the FB-10, however, the eight missiles and the radar are mounted together on a three-axle truck.

The Hongqi 16 system consists of at least four trucks, each of which contains the fire control station, search radar, steering radar and the actual launch device with six guided missiles. This group can be expanded to a battery with three additional starter vehicles and is intended for defense against aircraft, cruise missiles , air-to-surface missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles that are located at a distance of 3.5 to 40 km and at altitudes of 15 move up to 18,000 m. The Hongqi 16E naval version houses up to 32 missiles in individual cells of a vertical take- off system, which can repel anti-ship missiles , aircraft and helicopters flying at a distance of 4 to 40 km and an altitude of 7 to 15,000 m. The Hongqi 61 , also intended for use on ships , is no longer in production.

Long March 6

Today, the Academy for Space Technology primarily produces the Langer Marsch 4B and 4C launch rockets , as well as the Langer Marsch 2D , a two-stage derivative of the Langer Marsch 4A, which had only completed two flights (1988 and 1990). SAST also produces the Langer Marsch 6 , which has completed three flights so far (2015, 2017 and 2019), all of them successfully. The K-3 boosters for the Langer Marsch 5 heavy launch vehicle are also manufactured by the Shanghai Academy of Space Technology.

Another important business area of ​​SAST is all types of earth observation satellites , some of which are manufactured in cooperation with the Chinese Academy of Space Technology :

SAST is also building the service module for the Shenzhou spaceships. China's first Mars probe Yinghuo-1 was also developed and built by SAST. This orbiter was supposed to travel to Mars in 2011 together with the Russian probe Fobos-Grunt , but because the latter had a technical problem, the mission failed.

The Shanghai Academy of Space Technology has more than 19,000 workers and employees, including 7,000 technical staff. Zhang Hongjun (张宏俊, * 1967) has been the CEO since September 10, 2019. Zhang joined the military division of SAST in April 1992 after completing his doctorate at the Polytechnic University of Northwest China on the subject of navigation and control of missiles, where he rose over the years and was most recently head of the main department for missile-mounted weapons. In 2015 the company had a turnover of 36 billion yuan, most of which was generated with armaments. The aim at that time was to increase the proportion of civilian production to 30% of total sales or 10 billion yuan by 2020.

Subsidiaries

About Shanghai Aerospace Industry (Holding) Co. Ltd. (上海 航天 工业 （集团） 有限公司) the Shanghai Academy for Space Technology owns a number of subsidiaries , some of which have subsidiaries again:

  • Shanghai Aerospace Geräteherstellung GmbH (上海 航天 设备 制造 总厂 有限公司, also known as "Factory 149" or 一 四九 厂)
  • Shanghai Aerospace Autoelektrik AG (上海 航天 汽车 机电 股份有限公司)
  • Shanghai Aerospace Energie AG (上海 航天 能源 股份有限公司)
  • Shanghai Aerospace Science, Innovation and Development GmbH (上海 航天 科 创 企业 发展 有限公司)
  • Shanghai Aerospace intelligent devices GmbH (上海 航天 智能 装备 有限公司)
  • Shanghai Aerospace Power Supply Technology GmbH (上海 航天 电源 技术 有限 责任 公司)
  • Shanghai Aerospace Industrie GmbH (上海 航天 实业 有限公司)
  • Shanghai Shenhang Import-Export GmbH (上海 申 航 进出口 有限公司)
  • Shanghai Architectural Office for Space Buildings GmbH (上海 航天 建筑 设计院 有限公司)
  • Shenzhou Silicon GmbH, Hohhot (内蒙古神舟硅业有限责任公司)
  • Recreation home Wuxi (航天 无锡 健康 管理 中心)

Web links

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Coordinates: 31 ° 2 ′ 55.4 ″  N , 121 ° 23 ′ 12.6 ″  E