Fengzhou
Fengzhou ( 鳳 州鎮 / 凤 州镇 , Fèngzhōu Zhèn ) is a large community in Feng County , district-free city of Baoji , in the west of the Chinese province of Shaanxi . It has an area of 331 km², of which 1433 hectares are arable land. In 2017, the larger community had 16,570 inhabitants, 11,308 of them in the surrounding villages. From 1965 to 1993, Base 067, the predecessor of today's Academy for Liquid Rocket Engine Technology, was located in the Hongguang Gorge, northwest of the village of Guo'ansi . On June 27, 2019, the district government of Feng placed the so-called "latrine laboratory" ("厕所" 实验室, a latrine house converted into a test stand for attitude control engines) under a preservation order. In December 2019, the entire base was declared a National Industrial Monument (国家 工业 遗产) by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology .
history
The large community of Fengzhou was founded in 441 during the Northern Wei Dynasty as a fortified garrison town to hold down the Di (氐, probably a Turkish tribe) who settled in the area. From that point on, this was the official seat of the district administrator of Gudao (故道 县), today's Feng County. When the seat of the county government was relocated to Shuangshipu Town on June 1, 1951, Fengzhou was demoted to Township . In 1958, as part of the Great Leap Forward, churches were converted into people's communes across China. Fengzhou was initially subordinated to the "Chaoying People's Commune" (超英 公社), then in 1959 to the Shuangjiapu People's Commune, and in 1961 after the failure of the great leap forward again spun off as an independent "Fengzhou People's Commune".
After the dissolution of the People's Commune in 1984, the large community Longkou (龙口 镇) was founded at the station of the Baoji – Chengdu railway line , today a community of residents and the administrative center of the large community Fengzhou. The community of Fengzhou (凤 州 乡) was established a few kilometers to the southwest, in what is now Fengzhou Village. In 1996, Longkou Town had an area of 41.6 km² and 19,000 inhabitants, while Fengzhou Township had 203.5 km² and 5,000 people. In 1997, Longkou and Fengzhou were united to form Fengzhou Township. In 2001, the Hongguang (红光 乡) community east of the railway line was added and the Fengzhou community was re-established in its current form.
Administrative structure
Fengzhou consists of a community of residents and 8 administrative villages . These are:
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Base 067
The 067 base, near which rocket engines with toxic hypergolic fuel mixtures are still being tested today, owes its existence to the Vietnam War . In 1963, when the economic experts of the Chinese government ( Li Xiannian , Bo Yibo, etc.) were working out the priorities for the 3rd Five-Year Plan (1966–1970), there was lively discussion about whether to focus on agriculture or industry would. These discussions came to an end with the Tonkin incident on August 2 and 4, 1964, and the subsequent bombing of North Vietnam, including Yunnan and Hainan, on the Chinese side. In the draft that the State Planning Commission presented on September 14, 1965, the so-called "Third Front" (三 线, Pinyin Sānxiàn ) played a central role. The “First Front” was defined as the coast, where half of all Chinese industry was located at the time, as well as Manchuria and Xinjiang , which would be the first to be affected in an armed conflict with the Soviet Union. The third front was a line that was described by the Beijing - Guangzhou railway in the east, the Wild Goose Pass in the north and the Nanling Mountains in the south. Everything between the first and third front, i.e. the provinces of Anhui , Jiangxi etc., was the second front.
Important industry was now to be relocated to the heartland circumscribed by the Third Front or newly built there, an area that the Japanese were unable to occupy in 1937–1945 . As early as January 4, 1965, the so-called “ Fifth Research Institute ” in Beijing , which dealt with the development of missiles and nuclear weapons, was separated from the Ministry of Defense, where it had been located since 1956, and transformed into a separate ministry, the “Seventh Ministry of Mechanical Engineering “(第七 机械 工业 部, Pinyin Dì Qī Jīxiè Gōngyè Bù ). In connection with the development of the medium-range missile Dongfeng 3 and the launch vehicle Changzheng 1 intended for China's first satellite Dong Fang Hong I , the Seventh Ministry was looking for a new location for engine development. The guideline for Third Front projects was “mountainous, distributed, hidden” (靠山 、 分散 、 隐蔽). Ultimately, the choice fell on the Hongguang Gorge (红光 沟) east of Fengzhou. The Qin Ling Mountains were and are sparsely populated, while at the same time the Baoji – Chengdu railway line had a certain connection to civilization.
From 1965, the so-called "Base 067" (○ 六七 基地, Pinyin Líng Liù Qī Jīdì ) was built northwest of the village of Guo'ansi , where the liquid propulsion systems for the Chinese rockets were developed and manufactured. This was a veritable small town with 10,000 soldiers and civilians and their families. The food deliveries from Fengzhou - it was not possible to plant larger fields in the narrow valley - was only sporadic, but the base had its own hospital and high school. Also due to the narrowness of the valley, the facilities for design, production and testing had to be built over several kilometers along the road. Although this provided good passive protection against air attacks, the long distances that the engineers had to cover made the work inefficient. Nevertheless, YF series engines were manufactured there until 1993, ten years after the Third Front was officially closed by the State Council of the People's Republic of China . Then the base laboratories and workshops were gradually relocated to the provincial capital, Xi'an , where the facility, now part of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation , was named " Liquid Rocket Engine Technology Academy " in 2001 .
Transport links
Fengzhou has been connected to the south with the capital of Sichuan Province and to the north with Xi'an and Beijing in the east and Lanzhou and Ürümqi in the west via the Baoji – Chengdu railway line since 1956 . The state road 212 connects Fengzhou to the north over the ridge of the Qin Ling mountain range with Baoji and to the south with the national road 316 , which leads from Fuzhou on the east coast across China to Lanzhou. To the east, Meifeng Street (眉 凤 路), which was also used to supply base 067 at the time, leads through the Hongguang Gorge via the Hekou and Pingmu municipalities to State Road 210 and thus back to Baoji or National Road 316.
Individual evidence
- ↑ 陕西 省 宝鸡 市 凤县 凤 州镇. In: tcmap.com.cn. Retrieved March 11, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ 第三批 国家 工业 遗产 名单 “红光 沟 航天 六 院 旧址” 上榜. In: m.cnwest.com. December 23, 2019, accessed March 11, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ 历史 文化. In: sxfx.gov.cn. December 9, 2019, accessed March 11, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ 凤 州镇. In: xzqh.org. September 16, 2011, accessed March 11, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ 2019 年 统计 用 区划 代码 和 城乡 划分 代码 ： 凤 州镇. In: stats.gov.cn. Retrieved March 11, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ China putting on a brave 'Third Front'. In: en.people.cn. December 6, 2003, accessed March 12, 2020 .
- ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, pp. 138f.
- ↑ 医院 简介. In: xahtzyy.com. Retrieved March 12, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ 西安市 航天 中学. In: caschtzx.com.cn. May 21, 2018, accessed March 12, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ 杨 成 、 林佳 昕: 三 线 “抱 龙 峪” ： 中国 新一代 大 推力 火箭 发动机 在 这里 试车. In: xw.qq.com. February 15, 2018, accessed March 12, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ China putting on a brave 'Third Front'. In: en.people.cn. December 6, 2003, accessed March 12, 2020 .
- ↑ 吴杰 、 王世玉: 陕西 067 基地 —— 红光 沟 的 故事. In: news.sina.com.cn. February 21, 2018, accessed March 12, 2020 (Chinese).
Coordinates: 33 ° 58 ' N , 106 ° 39' E