Northern Wei Dynasty
The Northern Wei Dynasty ( Chinese 北魏 , Pinyin Běi Wèi , W.-G. Pei3 Wei4 ) was a foreign rule in northern China (385-535), which was essentially founded by the Tabgatsch (Tuoba) people .
history
The dynasty had to deal with the Rouran in the north , who had threatened China's northern border since the early 5th century. In the south one faced the national Chinese Early Song Dynasty (420-479), which was followed by the Southern Qi Dynasty (479-501) and the Liang Dynasty (502-557). In 423 Tuoba Si (409-423) wrested the song from the city of Luoyang .
The most important Tuoba ruler was Tuoba Tao (423–452). His cavalry successfully dealt with the Rouran in 424/25, 429, 443, 449 and 458, where he reportedly caused a great bloodbath. He also seized other pieces of China; this time from the Xiongnu clan Ho-lien (Tung-wan / Shaanxi 426/27), the Bei Yan (also Xianbei , in Jehol 436) and the Bei Liang (Kan-chou / Gansu 439). With that all of northern China was united under the Wei Dynasty.
But the state soon found itself in a destructive tension between Chinese culture and administration and that of Turkish, Mongolian or Tibetan nomads . It must be borne in mind, however, that the Tabgatsch practiced an unusually extreme Sinization , adopted the Chinese language and pushed the high-ranking Tabgatsch members to marry Han Chinese . Most of the nomadic elements in Tabgatsch were quickly lost. The high-ranking tabgatsch took on Chinese names such as Yuan (元) and Li (李).
Tuoba Tao had z. B. 446 pursued Buddhism in China so that its nomads would not effeminate and refused to move to the old imperial cities of Chang'an and Luoyang . Nevertheless, the Chinese increasingly set the tone, as their administrative experience was essential to supply the population.
The Tuoba rulers tried from the beginning to reclaim new land and let it cultivate it. They kept the peasants and the craftsmen under strict military control. With the increasing number of settled people in the empire at the time of Tuoba Tao, this tough policy had to become more flexible. The leading person here was the counselor Cui Hao (381-450), who introduced Chinese administrative methods and Chinese criminal law.
Ultimately, the penchant for luxury and the then pervasive influence of Buddhism changed the mentality of a large part of the Tabgatsch aristocracy. Tuoba Jun (452–465) had given up the persecution of the Buddhists again, since an estimated nine out of ten families adhered to this belief. Tuoba Hongyan (Xiaowendi, 471–499) moved the capital to Luoyang in 494, banned the clothing of the nomads, their language, their family names and encouraged marriages with the large Chinese families. This led to the final Sinization of the Tabgatsch nobility.
From 523 onwards there was an uprising of the anti-Chinese Tabgatsch camp, which led to some civil war-like clashes (524–34) in which the nomadic economy perished. After that, the empire was divided between two generals in 534/35 ( Eastern Wei and Western Wei ) and finally replaced by two short-lived partial dynasties, which were then replaced by the Sui dynasty .
Ruler of the Northern Wei Dynasty 385-535
| Posthumous name (Shi Hao, 諡 號) | Birth Name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao, 年號) and respective time periods |
|---|---|---|---|
| Northern dynasty | |||
| Chinese convention: "Wei" + posthumous name + "di" | |||
| The Tuoba family changed their family name to 元 ( yuan2 ) under the rule of Xiao Wen (496), which is why it is adopted here. | |||
| Dao Wu (道 武帝 dao4 wu3 di4) | Tuoba Gui (拓拔 珪 tou4 ba2 gui1) | 386 - 409 |
Dengguo (登 國, deng1 guo2 ) 386- 396 Huangshi (皇 始, huang2 shi3 ) 396– 398 Tianxing (天 興, tian1 xing1 ) 398– 404 Tianci (天賜, tian1 ci4 ) 404–409 |
| Ming Yuan (明 元帝, ming2 yuan2 di4 ) | Tuoba Si (拓拔 嗣, tou4 ba2 si4 ) | 409- 423 |
Yongxing (永興, yong3 xing1 ) 409- 413 Shenrui (神瑞, shen2 rui4 ) 414 - 416 Taichang (泰常, tai4 chang2 ) 416-423 |
| Tai Wu (太 武帝, tai4 wu3 di4 ) | Tuoba Tao (拓拔 燾, tou4 ba2 tao2 ) | 424 - 452 |
Shiguang (始 光, shi3 guang1 ) 424- 428 Shenjia (神 (鹿 下 加), shen2 jia1 ) 428– 431 Yanhe (延 和, yan2 he2 ) 432 - 434 Taiyan (太 延, tai4 yan2 ) 435 - 440 Taipingzhenjun (太平 真君, tai4 ping2 zhen1 jun1 ) 440– 451 Zhengping (正 平, zheng4 ping2 ) 451–452 |
| Nan An Wang (南安 王, nan2 an1 wang2 ) | Tuoba Yu (拓拔 余, tou4 ba2 yu2 ) | 452 | Yongping (永平, yong3 ping2 ) or Chengping (承平, cheng2 ping2 ) 452 |
| Wen Cheng (文 成帝, wen2 cheng2 di4 ) | Tuoba Jun (拓拔 濬, tou4 ba2 jun4 ) | 452- 465 |
Xingan (興安, xing1 an1 ) 452- 454 xingguang (興光, xing1 guang1 ) 454-455 Taian (太安, tai4 an1 ) 455 - 459 Heping (和平, he2 ping2 ) 460 -465 |
| Xian Wen (獻 文帝, xian4 wen2 di4 ) | Tuoba Hong (拓拔 弘, tou4 ba2 hong2 ) | 466 - 471 |
Tianan (天安, tian1 an1 ) 466- 467 Huangxing (皇興, huang2 x ING1) 467-471 |
| Xiao Wen (孝文帝, xiao4 wen2 di4 ) | Yuan Hong (元 宏, yuan2 hong2 ) | 471- 499 |
Yanxing (延興, yan2 xing1 ) 471- 476 Chengming (承明, Cheng2 ming2 ) 476 Taihe (太和, tai4 he2 ) 477 -499 |
| Xuan Wu (宣武帝, xuan1 wu3 di4 ) | Yuan Ke (元 恪, yuan2 ke4 ) | 500 - 515 |
Jingming (景 明, jing3 ming2 ) 500– 503 Zhengshi (正始, zheng4 shi3 ) 504 - 508 Yongping (永平, yong3 ping2 ) 508– 512 Yanchang (延昌, yan2 chang1 ) 512–515 |
| Xiao Ming (孝 明帝, xiao4 ming2 di4 ) | Yuan Xu (元 詡, yuan2 xu3 ) | 516 - 528 |
Xiping (熙平, xi1 ping2 ) 516– 518 Shengui (神龜, shen2 gui1 ) 518– 520 Zhengguang (正光, zheng4 guang1 ) 520– 525 Xiaochang (孝昌, xiao4 chang1 ) 525– 527 Wutai (武 泰, wu3 tai4 ) 528 |
| Xiao Zhuang (孝莊 帝, xiao4 zhuang1 di4 ) | Yuan Zi You (元子 攸, yuan2 zi5 you1 ) | 528- 530 |
Jianyi (建 義, jian4 yi4 ) 528 Yongan (永安, yong3 an1 ) 528-530 |
| Chang Guang Wang (長 廣 王, chang2 guang3 wang2 ) or Jing (敬 帝, jing4 d i4) |
Yuan Ye (元 曄, yuan2 ye4 ) | 530- 531 | Jianming (建 明, jian4 ming2 ) 530-531 |
| Jue Min (節 閔 帝 ´, jie2 min3 di4 ) | Yuan Gong (元 恭, yuan2 gong1 ) | 531- 532 | Putai (普泰, pu3 tai4 ) 531-532 |
| An Ding Wang (安定 王, an1 ding4 wang2 ) or Chu Di (出 帝, chu1 di4 ) |
Yuan Lang (元朗, yuan2 lang3 ) | 531-532 | Zhongxing (中興, zhong1 xin g1) 531-532 |
| Xiao Wu (孝 武帝, xiao1 wu3 di4 ) | Yuan Xiu (元 脩, yuan2 xiu1 ) | 532- 535 |
Taichang (太 昌, tai4 chang1 ) 532 Yongxing (永興, yong3 x ing1) 532 Yongxi (永熙, yong3 xi1 ) 532-535 |
literature
- Mark Lewis: China between Empires. The Northern and Southern Dynasties. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA 2009.
- Kai Vogelsang : History of China. 3rd revised and updated edition. Reclam, Stuttgart 2013.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Rubie S. Watson, Patricia Buckley Ebrey: Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society . University of California Press, 1991, ISBN 978-0-520-07124-7 ( google.com [accessed September 6, 2018]).
- ^ Rene Grousset: The Empire of the Steppes . 1970, pp. 60-65.