Long March 1
Langer Marsch 1 , LM-1 for short ( Chinese 長征 一號 / 长征 一号, Pinyin Chángzhēng Yīhào , CZ-1 for short ) is the first member of the Chinese Langer Marsch launch vehicle family .
story
As early as 1958, under the impression of the Soviet Sputnik launch (October 4, 1957), the first attempt was made under the name “ Project 581 ” to send a Chinese satellite into space. However, given the country's economic strength at the time, this project was not realistic and it was discontinued in January 1959. However, the geophysicist and meteorologist Zhao Jiuzhang and the mechanical engineer Wang Xiji continued to work in Shanghai on the sounding rocket T-7 , the reduced prototype of which reached an altitude of 8 km on February 19, 1960. The rocket was further developed and valuable experience was gained.
In connection with the Chinese nuclear weapons program, the short-range missile, later called Dongfeng 1 , was developed in parallel to the T-7 and had its maiden flight on November 5, 1960. China's first medium-range missile, the Dongfeng 2 , crashed after 69 seconds on its maiden flight on March 21, 1962, but the second attempt with the completely redesigned Dongfeng 2A on June 29, 1964 was successful. After the Tonkin incident on August 4, 1964, the United States entered the Vietnam War and the first Chinese atomic bomb was detonated at the Lop Nor nuclear weapons test site on October 16, 1964, the situation became more complicated.
In this situation, Zhao Jiuzhang, who had just been newly elected to the National People's Congress for the Society of September 3, wrote a letter to Prime Minister Zhou Enlai on December 27, 1964 , who was the chairman of the "Central Commission for Special Projects" (中央 专门委员会) was responsible for cutting-edge technology and above all for the Chinese nuclear weapons program. During a tour of the Jiuquan Cosmodrome in the summer of 1964, Zhao Jiuzhang was seriously impressed by the progress that the 1st Branch of the 5th Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense (now the Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology ) had made in developing surface-to-surface missiles . For a credible deterrent, however, you needed ICBMs that could reach the American mainland. Zhao Jiuzhang pointed out in his letter to Zhou Enlai that very similar technologies had to be developed for ICBMs and space missiles and that both complement each other. As an example, he cited the Soviet R-7 , which was put into service as a nuclear-armed ICBM on January 20, 1960, a good two years after it had launched Sputnik 1. Basic things such as flight path calculation and trajectory tracking could be developed relatively easily using civilian missiles, while diplomatic and military difficulties were to be expected with test launches of ICBMs.
The situation with the satellites was similar to that of the launch vehicles. Zhao Jiuzhang pointed out that of the 228 US satellite launches published at the time, 147 were used directly for national defense. And even with the pure research satellites, the technology developed for this purpose could be used for military purposes. Using the example of a weather satellite, Zhao explained that great progress would be made in the fields of radio technology , semiconductor technology , automatic control, and materials science .
Zhou Enlai followed Zhao Jiuzhang's argument. On January 8, 1965, Qian Xuesen , deputy head of the 5th Research Institute, wrote a similar letter to the Defense Technology Commission of the People's Liberation Army . Also Nie Rongzhen , chairman of the Defense Technology Commission was of the opinion that the time had come for such a project. Under the name "Project 651" (651 工程, Pinyin 651 Gōngchéng , so "The project started in January 1965") the development of a satellite and a civilian launcher was initiated.
construction
Wang Xiji, meanwhile chief engineer of the " 8th Engineering Office ", which has moved from Shanghai to Beijing , came to the conclusion after an analysis of the military material that the original plan to make a medium-range missile suitable for space by converting the engine of the second stage to vacuum operation and thus one Launching satellites with the originally planned weight of 100 kg was not technically feasible. Instead, he proposed to put a newly developed third stage with a solid rocket engine on the two-stage, liquid- powered Dongfeng 2A . This plan was approved in May 1966, and in August 1966, shortly after the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution , the rocket was named " Long March 1".
A special feature was the ignition of the third stage. It was only separated and ignited at the level of the later perigee of the payload, which was the case after about 200 seconds of unpowered flight after the burnout of the second stage. In the weightless phase, the remaining fuel from the second stage was used for attitude control. The third stage was stabilized by an additional small rocket engine that set it rotating (around 180 revolutions per minute). Between May 1969 and January 1970, four tests of the solid propulsion engine were carried out under different conditions as well as two flight tests of a version of the rocket consisting only of the two liquid-propelled stages. During the first flight test on November 16, 1969, the controls of the first stage engine failed and the rocket crashed 69 seconds after takeoff while still in sight of the cosmodrome. After analyzing the footage from the crash, the cable routing of the control system and the components that were responsible for switching off the engine were revised. The second test flight in January 1970 was successful, the first and second stages separated without any problems.
The flight tests, as well as the following two launches, all took place on the Jiuquan Cosmodrome . The first launch of a complete missile took place on 24 April 1970 with the first Chinese satellite Dong Fang Hong I . The second and final launch took place on March 3, 1971, when the Shijian-1 research satellite was launched. Then the Changzheng 1 was replaced by the Changzheng 2 missiles.
In the 1990s, the CZ-1D was developed based on the Changzheng 1. It had an improved first and second stage and a new third stage and thus allowed a significantly higher payload of 850 kg for a near-Earth orbit of 185 km altitude or 200 kg for a sun-synchronous orbit . The CZ-1D was intended for commercial launches, but was only used three times to test re-entry vehicles. The first launch took place on May 29, 1995, the last on January 3, 2002. However, this last one failed.
Technical specifications
- Levels: 3
- Length: 29.86 m (CZ-1D: 28.22 m)
- Takeoff weight: 81.5 t
- step 1
- Length: 17.835 m
- Diameter: 2.25 m (4.0 m over the fins)
- Mass: 65.2 t
- Fuel: ( nitric acid and UDMH ) in total 61 t
- Engine: YF-2A with 4 combustion chambers
- Burn time: 130 s
- Start thrust : 1020 kN (CZ-1D: 1101 kN)
- Level 2
- Length: 7.486 m
- Diameter: 2.25 m
- Mass: 13.5 t
- Fuel: nitric acid and UDMH in total 11.2 t
- Engine: YF-3
- Burn time: 110 s
- Thrust: 306 kN
- level 3
- Length: 4.565 m
- Diameter: 0.77 m
- Mass: 2.2 t
- Fuel: solid with a total of 1.8 t
- Engine: GF-02 (CZ-1D: GF-36)
- Burn time: 38 s
- Thrust: 181 kN
- step 1
- Payload LEO : 300 kg
- First launch: April 24, 1970
Start list
| Serial No. | Start date ( UTC ) |
Missile type | Launch site | payload | annotation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Apr 24, 1970 1:35 pm |
CZ-1 | Jiuquan Cosmodrome , LA2A | Dong Fang Hong I (DFH-1), experimental satellite | Successful first satellite launch in China |
| 2 | March 3, 1971 12:15 |
CZ-1 | Jiuquan Cosmodrome, LA2A | Shi Jian 1 (SJ-1), satellite, 220 kilograms | Successful second satellite launch in China, the data transmission of the scientific sensors worked until the crash in 1979 |
| 3 | May 29, 1995 | CZ-1D | Taiyuan Cosmodrome | Test flight from an altitude of 1000 km | |
| 4th | Nov 1, 1997 | CZ-1D | Taiyuan Cosmodrome | Test flight from an altitude of 1000 km | |
| 5 | Jan. 3, 2002 12:15 pm |
CZ-1D | Taiyuan Cosmodrome | Test flight, failure, reached an altitude of 100 km |
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Mark Wade: T-7 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
- ↑ Mark Wade: DF-1 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
- ↑ Mark Wade: DF-2 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
- ↑ Mark Wade: R-7 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
- ↑ 从 “东方 红 一号” 说起 ： 中国 为什么 要搞 人造卫星？ In: spaceflightfans.cn. April 26, 2020, accessed August 6, 2020 (Chinese).
- ^ Qian Xuesen. In: qianxslib.sjtu.edu.cn. Retrieved August 8, 2020 (Chinese). P. 23.
- ↑ 王希 季:箭 击 长空 忆 当年. In: cas.cn. Retrieved July 8, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ Mark Wade: Chang Zheng 1 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
- ↑ 天才 琪 露 诺:来自 太空 的 中国 之 声 —— “上 得 去”. In: zhuanlan.zhihu.com. April 22, 2020, accessed August 6, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ a b 说一说 长征 二号 丙 运载火箭. In: spaceflightfans.cn. May 12, 2021, accessed May 13, 2021 (Chinese).
- ↑ Eugen Reichl: The rocket type book. Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-613-02788-6 .
- ↑ Mark Wade: Chang Zheng 1D in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
