Kuaizhou

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Kuaizhou ( Chinese  快 舟 , Pinyin Kuàizhōu  - "Fast Boat") is the name of a Chinese family of launchers .

Kuaizhou-1

After the Ministry of Science and Technology approved the project in 2005, the Kuaizhou-1 (KZ-1) was developed from 2009 by the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC) through several intermediate steps from the unsuccessful Kaituozhe 1 launcher , which in turn based on the ICBM Dongfeng 31 based. It is a three-stage solid propellant rocket with an additional liquid rocket upper stage attached directly to the payload. The launcher is about 18 m long and 1.7 m in diameter. The take-off mass is between 30 and 32 tons with a payload of around 430 kg on a 500 km high sun-synchronous orbit (SSE). After a test flight without a payload in 2012, the first use of the Kuaizhou-1 took place on September 25, 2013, with an earth observation satellite developed since 2005 at the Harbin Polytechnic University , which was also called "Kuaizhou-1", for the National Center for Remote Sensing (国家 遥感 中心) was launched into orbit.

Kuaizhou-1A

ExPace Technology GmbH in Wuhan has been responsible for the construction and further development of the rocket since February 2016 . ExPace is a subsidiary of the China Space Sanjiang Group Corporation , also known as the "Fourth Academy" (四 院) for historical reasons. This company should not be confused with the Academy for Solid Rocket Engine Technology, also known as the "Fourth Academy" , a subsidiary of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation . Both companies emerged on July 1, 1999 from the "umbrella company for the space industry" (中国 航天 工业 总公司, Pinyin Zhōngguó Hángtiān Gōngyè Zǒnggōngsī ).

The new model, the Kuaizhou-1A (快 舟 一号 甲, Pinyin Kuàizhōu Yīhào Jiǎ ), is mainly used to transport smaller satellites weighing around 300 kg into low-earth orbit , or 200 kg into a sun-synchronous orbit 700 km altitude. Unlike the Kuaizhou-1, in which the payload remained connected to the upper rocket stage, the Kuaizhou-1A can place the transported satellites in their own orbits. At 1.4 m, the diameter of the rocket is slightly smaller than that of the Kuaizhou-1, but it is slightly longer at 20 m; the rocket has a launch mass of 30 t. Like its predecessor, the Kuaizhou-1A has three stages, each with a non-steerable solid rocket engine that burns until the fuel is used up. There is also a fourth stage with a controllable liquid rocket engine . The first launch took place on January 9, 2017.

Contrary to the usual practice, ExPace GmbH does not launch these rockets in the order in which they were manufactured. The second rocket in the series, KZ-1A Y2 (the “Y” stands for 遥 or yáo ), was only used on December 7, 2019 for its sixth launch. The KZ-1A Y3, Y4 and Y5 missiles will now be brought to the Taiyuan Cosmodrome in a closed transport in September 2020 .

Kuaizhou-11

Like the other models of the Kuaizhou family, the KZ-11 is started from a special truck trailer and can therefore be used quickly and flexibly. Unlike the solid rocket Langer Marsch 11 , for example , this rocket is not launched from a tubular transport and launch container, but free-standing. Only the payload fairing is surrounded by a hinged protective hood during transport. The rocket has a diameter of 2.2 m; an optionally usable cantilevered payload fairing has a diameter of 2.6 m.

The launch mass of the rocket is 78 t; it is intended for payloads of up to 1000 kg based on a 700 km high SSO railway. The KZ-11 can carry payloads with a total weight of up to 1500 kg in a low-earth orbit . The rocket's main area of ​​application is in these two types of orbits, with altitudes between 400 and 1500 km. You should especially minisatellite (100-500 kg) and microsatellite carry (10-100 kg) into space, either individually or several at a time, not so much fundamentally different in the latter case orbits, but above all satellite constellations has in mind. The Kuaizhou 11 should be able to bring a satellite to a desired orbital height with a maximum deviation of 5 km on the long axis, the maximum deviation from the desired orbital inclination is specified as 0.1 ° and the maximum deviation from the desired eccentricity of the orbit is specified as 0.002 .

During its first flight on July 10, 2020, the rocket malfunctioned shortly after takeoff, and orbit was not reached.

Future development

One of the most important projects of the Sanjiang Group is currently the two-stage launcher Kuaizhou-21 (快 舟 二十 一号) with a diameter of 4.2 m. With the new rocket, which is intended for a payload of 20 tons in a near-earth orbit, costs per kilogram of payload of US $ 10,000 are targeted. The rocket is said to have a first stage with a solid propellant engine, a second stage with a liquid engine and - in the variant Kuaizhou-21A - two two -stage boosters with a diameter of 2 m each, developed by the Academy for Solid Rocket Engine Technology , with the second stage with the second stage of the rocket cooperates.

The Kuaizhou-31 with a diameter of 4.2 m is in an early planning phase. This rocket is expected to bring a payload of up to 70 tons into a near-earth orbit, which will reduce launch costs to $ 5,000 per kilogram.

Start list

As of July 10, 2020

Performed starts

This is a complete launch list for the Kuaizhou missile.

Serial No. Type
serial no. 		Date, time (UTC) Launch site payload Type of payload Payload mass 1 Orbit, inclination 2 Remarks
01 KZ-1 25 September 2013
4:37 		Jiuquan Kuaizhou-1 Earth observation satellite 275 × 293 km, 96.7 ° success
02 KZ-1 November 21, 2014
6:37 am 		Jiuquan Kuaizhou-2 Earth observation satellite 269 ​​× 304 km, 96.5 ° success
03 KZ-1A
Y1 		January 9, 2017
4:11 am 		Jiuquan Jilin Linye 1-03
Xingyun Shiyan 1
Kaidun-1 		Earth observation satellite
Technologieerprobungssatellite
Technologieerprobungssatellit 		165 kg

  		SSO success
04th KZ-1A
Y8 		September 29, 2018
4:13 am 		Jiuquan CentiSpace-1-S1 Navigation support satellite SSO success
05 KZ-1A
Y10 		August 30, 2019
11:41 PM 		Jiuquan KX-09
Xiaoxiang-1 07 		Research
satellite Research satellite 		SSO success
06th KZ-1A
Y11 		November 13, 2019
3:40 AM 		Jiuquan Jilin 1 Gaofen 02A Earth observation satellite 230 kg 555 km max., 97.5 ° success
07th KZ-1A
Y7 		17th November 2019 Jiuquan 2 × KL-Alpha Technology testing satellites 70 kg + 90 kg LEO success
08th KZ-1A
Y2 		December 7, 2019
2:55 am 		Taiyuan Jilin 1 Gaofen 02B Earth observation satellite 535 km max., 37.5 ° success
09 KZ-1A
Y12 		December 7, 2019
8:52 am 		Taiyuan 6 small satellites approx. 500 km max., 97.4 ° success
10 KZ-1A
Y9 		January 16, 2020
3:02 am 		Jiuquan Yinhe-1 Technology testing satellite 227 kg approx. 536 km, 86.4 ° success
11 KZ-1A
Y6 		May 12, 2020
1:16 am 		Jiuquan Xingyun 2-01
Xingyun 2-02 		Communication satellites 93 kg
93 kg 		SSO success
12 KZ-11 July 10, 2020
4:17 am 		Jiuquan Jilin 1 Gaofen 02E
Weili 1-02 		Earth observation satellite
navigation support satellite 		SSO Failure
1Take-off mass of the payload including carried fuel ( wet mass ).
2Runway height at which the payload was or is to be suspended; not necessarily the target orbit of the payload.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 曹 梦: 航天 科 工 火箭 公司 曹 梦 ： 中外 商业 发射 服务 领域 浅析. November 21, 2019, accessed April 16, 2020 (Chinese).
  2. ↑ Zhao Lei: China to launch solid-fuel rocket Kuaizhou 11 soon. In: chinadailyhk.com. March 14, 2019, accessed April 16, 2020 .
  3. ^ Brian Weeden: Through a glass, darkly: Chinese, American, and Russian anti-satellite testing in space. In: thespacereview.com. March 17, 2014, accessed April 16, 2020 .
  4. ↑ 曹 梦: 航天 科 工 火箭 公司 曹 梦 ： 中外 商业 发射 服务 领域 浅析. November 21, 2019, accessed April 16, 2020 (Chinese).
  5. ↑ SinoDefence: Kuaizhou: China's fast vessel to space ( Memento from July 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on February 12, 2015
  6. ↑ 简介 及 主要 职能. In: nrscc.gov.cn. September 19, 2003, accessed April 16, 2020 (Chinese).
  7. ↑ 郭 萍: 一箭 双星！ 快 舟 一号 甲 运载火箭 发射 成功. In: news.163.com. August 31, 2019, accessed December 29, 2019 (Chinese).
  8. ↑ Rui C. Barbosa: Kuaizhou-1A lofts two satellites for China. In: Nasaspaceflight.com. August 30, 2019, accessed December 31, 2019 .
  9. ↑ 胡 喆: 商业 航天 “快 舟 模式” 发 力 ： 预计 年底 前 还将 执行 8 次 商业 发射 任务. In: xinhuanet.com. August 31, 2019, accessed December 29, 2019 (Chinese).
  10. ↑ 航天 科 工 火箭 技术 有限公司 召开 KZ-1A Y3-Y5 箭 进场 动员 会 暨 KZ-1A 发射 履约 党员 突击队 授旗 仪式. In: spaceflightfans.cn. August 29, 2020, accessed August 29, 2020 (Chinese).
  11. ↑ 快 舟 一号 甲 • 吉林 一号 遥感 卫星 星座 • 高分 02-C 星 • Kuaizhou-1A • Jilin-1 (Gaofen02-C). In: spaceflightfans.cn. August 29, 2020, accessed August 31, 2020 (Chinese).
  12. ↑ 快 舟 一号 甲 • 吉林 一号 遥感 卫星 星座 • 高分 02-D 星 • Kuaizhou-1A • Jilin-1 (Gaofen02-D). In: spaceflightfans.cn. August 29, 2020, accessed August 31, 2020 (Chinese).
  13. ↑ 快 舟 一号 甲 • 吉林 一号 遥感 卫星 星座 • 高分 02-F 星 • Kuaizhou-1A • Jilin-1 (Gaofen02-F). In: spaceflightfans.cn. August 29, 2020, accessed August 31, 2020 (Chinese).
  14. ↑ 堵 开源: 中国 新一代 中型 运载火箭 固体 发动机 试车 成功 有望 大幅 降低 发射 成本. In: guancha.cn. July 5, 2018, accessed April 17, 2020 (Chinese).
  15. ↑ 快 舟 十一 号 • 一箭 六 星 • 该 型号 火箭 首飞. In: spaceflightfans.cn. January 4, 2020, accessed January 30, 2020 (Chinese).
  16. ↑ 王世玉 、 杨 弘 杨: 快 舟 十一 号 运载火箭 首飞 失利. In: guancha.cn. July 10, 2020, accessed July 10, 2020 (Chinese).
  17. ↑ 堵 开源: 中国 新一代 中型 运载火箭 固体 发动机 试车 成功 有望 大幅 降低 发射 成本. In: guancha.cn. July 5, 2018, accessed January 31, 2020 (Chinese). At the booster manufacturer, the 4th Academy of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation was confused in this article with the 4th Academy of the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, which manufactures the launch vehicles.
  18. ↑ 陆 贺 建 、 陈旭 、 付毅飞: 我国 新一代 中型 运载火箭 固体 发动机 试车 成功. In: military.people.com.cn. July 5, 2018, accessed January 31, 2020 (Chinese).
  19. ↑ 航天 三江: 燃！ 新闻 联播 40 秒 ， 四 院 提前 透露 了 一项 颠覆性 技术 研制 进展. In: mp.weixin.qq.com. October 30, 2017, Retrieved December 23, 2019 (Chinese).
  20. ↑ 付毅飞: 我国 超大 直径 固体 火箭 发动机 拟 明年 点火. In: digitalpaper.stdaily.com. December 26, 2017, Retrieved December 23, 2019 (Chinese).
  21. ↑ Spaceflight101: China Kuaizhou-1 Satellite Launch ( February 3, 2015 memento in the Internet Archive ), accessed on February 12, 2015
  22. ↑ Spaceflight101: Kuaizhou - Kuaizhou-2 Launch ( February 12, 2015 memento in the Internet Archive ), accessed on February 12, 2015
  23. ↑ n2yo.com: KUAIZHOU 2 (KZ-2) Satellite details 2014-073A NORAD 40311 , accessed February 12, 2015
  24. ↑ Rui C. Barbosa: Kuaizhou-1A launches Jilin-1 Gaofen-2A. In: nasaspaceflight.com. November 12, 2019, accessed January 17, 2020 .
  25. ↑ Gunter Dirk Krebs: KL-Alpha A, B. In: space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved March 26, 2020 (English).
  26. ↑ a b spaceflightnow.com: China launches two Kuaizhou rockets in six hours , accessed December 9, 2019.
  27. ↑ Rui C. Barbosa: Kuaizhou-1A lofts Yinhe-1 for China. In: nasaspaceflight.com. January 15, 2020, accessed on January 24, 2020 .
Chinese launch vehicles
In use:

CZ-2  · CZ-3  · CZ-4  · CZ-5  · CZ-6  · CZ-7  · CZ-11  · Jielong-1  · Kuaizhou-1  · SQX-1

CZ-2F launch vehicle.png
In testing:

KT-2  · OS M  · Zhuque-1

In development:

Ceres-1  · CZ-8  · CZ-9  · Jielong-2  · Jielong-3  · Kuaizhou-11  · Nebula-1  · Newline-1  · SQX-2  · Type 921  · Zhuque-2

Retired:

FB-1  · CZ-1  · KT-1