China Space Sanjiang Group Corporation

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
China Space Sanjiang Group Corporation
中国 航天 三江 集团 有限公司
legal form State-owned GmbH
founding April 10, 1993
Seat Wuhan (headquarters)
management Guo Yong
Number of employees 15,000
sales 27.84 billion yuan (2018)
Branch Defense industry , vehicle construction , space travel

The China Space Sanjiang Group Corporation ( Chinese  中國 航天 三江 集團 有限公司  /  中国 航天 三江 集团 有限公司 ), also known as the “Fourth Academy” (四 院) for historical reasons and often abbreviated to “CSSG”, is a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC), headquartered in the district Dongxihu of Wuhan , the capital of the province of Hubei . CSSG mainly produces dual-use products through subsidiaries , from off-road special vehicles to the launch vehicles of the Kuaizhou series.

history

After the incident at Ussuri in March 1969, the State Council of the People's Republic of China and the Central Military Commission approved the Seventh Ministry of Mechanical Engineering , responsible for missiles and nuclear weapons , as part of the “ Third Front ” in Hubei, i.e. in the safe interior of the country, on August 11, 1969 to set up so-called “base 066” (○ 六六 基地, Pinyin Líng Liù Liù Jīdì ); the relevant documents were signed by Prime Minister Zhou Enlai in October of that year. In March 1970, a command post was set up to coordinate the construction of Base 066, and in August 1970 the Hubei Provincial Military District (湖北省 军区) appointed 20,000 members of the basic militia from six counties , the 235 Infrastructure Pioneer Regiment of the People's Liberation Army (中国人民解放军 基本建设 工程兵 235 团) and skilled workers from the 6th engineering office of the National Infrastructure Construction Commission (国家 基本建设 委员会 第六 工程 局, today the 6th engineering office of China State Construction Engineering ) in motion. In Yuan'an County in the prefecture -level city of Yichang , over a period of almost ten years and until 1985, were spread over 11 villages in the Mingfeng (鸣凤 镇), Hualinsi (花 林寺 镇) and Maopingchang (茅坪 场 镇) communities - Built several factories with a total investment of 370 million yuan:

  • Xianfeng Machine Factory (险峰 机器 厂)
  • Wanshan Special Vehicle Factory (万 山 特种 车辆 制造厂)
  • Hongyang Mechanical Engineering Factory (红 阳 机械 厂)
  • Hongfeng Mechanical Engineering Factory (红 峰 机械 厂)
  • Honglin Mechanical Engineering Factory (红 林 机械 厂)
  • Jiangbei Mechanical Engineering Factory (江北 机械 厂)
  • Wanli radio equipment factory (万里 无线电 厂)
  • Jianghe Chemical Plant (江河 化工厂)
  • Factory 8614 (8614 厂)
  • 1. Research and design office (第一 研究 设计 所)

The largest of these factories was the Wanshan Special Vehicle Factory, which made mobile launch pads for tactical missiles. On May 27, 1980, the base was officially put into operation with a total area of ​​875.4 ha, 902,000 m² of which was building area . Even before that, however, components for the Haiying anti -ship missiles of the Ministry's Third Academy were manufactured there. The first research and construction office was ready for use as early as October 1975. This department was responsible for the development of tactical missiles, initially the Dongfeng 11 , which could carry a nuclear or conventional warhead of 900 kg over a distance of 280-350 km, in the case of a nuclear warhead with an explosive force of either 50 or 100 kT. The first test flight took place in 1990, and in 1992 the missile, which was launched from the Wanshan Special Vehicle Factory's WS2400 mobile launch pad , entered service with the People's Liberation Army .

Development of the Dongfeng 15 began in 1985, and in 1987 the concept was approved by the People's Liberation Army after a test flight. In spring 1989 the first missiles were handed over to the 2nd Artillery Corps , which was then responsible for China's nuclear weapons. Their first application had the Dongfeng 15 during the Third Taiwan crisis to prevent 1995/96 as the second artillery corps, to move closer to Taiwan to the United States or a declaration of independence of the island, a number of these missiles over the Taiwan Strait in part, shot up into Taiwanese territorial waters .

In the meantime the Seventh Ministry had been restructured several times. On March 22, 1993, the ministry was dissolved as a government agency by resolution of the National People's Congress and converted into two profit-oriented legal structures: the "umbrella company for the aviation industry" and the "umbrella company for the space industry" (中国 航天 工业 总公司, Pinyin Zhōngguó Hángtiān Gōngyè Zǒnggōngsī ). The base 066 was placed under the umbrella company for the space industry and on April 10, 1993 converted into a conglomerate with the individual factories as subsidiaries - the "Chinese Three Rivers Space Group" (中国 三江 航天 集团, Pinyin Zhōngguó Sān Jiāng Hángtiān Jítuán ). "Three rivers" stands for the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River , which flows through the province of Hubei. On July 1, 1999, the umbrella company for the aerospace industry was split into two individual companies, the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (中国 航天 科技 集团公司) and the China Aerospace Machinery and Electronics Corporation (中国 航天 机电 集团公司, since 2001 China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation ). The armaments activities were bundled in the latter, and the Sanjiang Group was assigned to this company. To standardize the names, the 航天 has now been placed in front of the 三江, i.e. 中国 航天 三江 集团. In English, however, the group referred to their field of activity not as "aerospace", but as "space".

The headquarters of the company was in Wuhan, first in the inner city district of Jianghan , then in a new building in northwestern Dongxihu that was reminiscent of the rocket in the CASIC logo derived from the character 人, meaning “human” . From 1994 the factories of the 066 base were gradually relocated to Xiaogan , which is more conveniently located in terms of transport , until the base as such was closed in 2002. The site is still owned by the Sanjiang Group, and in 2006 the county government established the Yuan'an Military Museum (远 安 军事 博览园) there on 10,000 m². A large number of rockets, cannons and other military equipment are shown there, largely outdoors. Since the end of 2017, the facility has been expanded into a regular museum. On September 26, 2019, parts of base 066 were added to the list of national monuments by the State Council of the People's Republic of China .

As part of a reorganization within the parent company, the Sanjiang Group was promoted to the “Chinese Academy for Carrier Technology” (中国 航天 科 工 运载 技术 研究院) or the “Ninth Academy” (九 院) in 2009. However, this designation is not to be taken literally. Unlike the academies of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, which - in addition to their primary function as spacecraft manufacturers - are actual academic institutions that award degrees, the Sanjiang Group does not accept undergraduate or graduate students; the companies subordinate to the group are pure manufacturing or service companies. The word “space” in the English company name was originally a deliberate misleading. In addition to commercial vehicles, the group dealt with military solid-fuel rockets launched from submarines and trucks . On May 26, 2000, CASIC, which at that time was still operating as China Aerospace Machinery and Electronics Corporation , founded Raumfahrt-Feststoffträgerraketen GmbH (航天 固体 运载火箭 有限公司 or Space Solid Fuel Rocket Carrier Co. Ltd. , SSRC for short ). This was a consortium of four subsidiaries of the group:

  • Chinese Three Rivers Space Group, Wuhan
  • Changfeng Electrical Engineering Office (formerly “Chinese Academy for Air Defense Systems”), Beijing
  • Chinese Academy of Powertrain Technology or "Sixth Academy", Hohhot
  • Aerosun, Nanjing

This consortium immediately began to develop a four-stage launch vehicle based on the Dongfeng 31 ICBM, initially under the English working title "SLV-1". On November 7, 2000, the rocket was given its actual name, " Kaituozhe 1 ".

After two false starts on September 15, 2002 and September 16, 2003, the project was more or less discontinued. Since 2002, the Kaituozhe 1 had been further developed via the Hongqi 19 to the four-stage anti-satellite missile Kaituozhe 409, which completely destroyed the Fengyun-1C weather satellite in a demonstration on January 11, 2007 . At the same time, the consortium had developed the three-stage Kaituozhe 2 launcher , which consisted of a new first stage, above which the original first and second stages of Kaituozhe 1. A model was shown in autumn 2002 at an exhibition at the Taiyuan Cosmodrome . The Kaituozhe 2 had its first and so far only flight on March 2, 2017. After the Ministry of Science and Technology approved the corresponding project in 2005, the four-stage Kuaizhou-1 launcher was developed on the basis of the Kaituozhe 409 from 2009 proved to be very reliable on its maiden flight on September 25, 2013. By January 16, 2020, the ten launches of the Kuaizhou-1 and its successor, the Kuaizhou-1A, were consistently successful.

In December 2011, a further restructuring took place within CASIC, as a result of which the Sanjiang Group was renamed from “Ninth Academy” to “Fourth Academy”. This sometimes results in intelligence and in the media to the confusion, since the Fourth Academy of CASIC as well as the Fourth Academy of CASC concerned with solid rocket boosters and both, for example in the development of heavy and super heavy launchers kuaizhou-21 and kuaizhou-31 work together : ExPace Technology GmbH , a subsidiary of Sanjiang founded on February 16, 2016, is building the core stages, the Fourth Academy of CASC is building the boosters.

The Raumfahrt-Feststoffträgerraketen GmbH got into a series of legal disputes from 2007 onwards over a loan of 200 million yuan, the existence of which was contested. In 2014 it escalated to the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China , after which the company disappeared from the scene.

Business areas

In addition to its armaments activities, the Sanjiang Group expanded into the civilian sector very early on. For example, today's Wanshan Sonderfahrzeuge GmbH manufactured buses as early as 1979, right at the beginning of the reform and opening policy . Today this company builds not only traditional trucks and tractors for military and civil purposes but also electric buses and electrically powered delivery vans and trucks. Shuanglong Spezialfahrzeug GmbH builds all types of tank trucks for products from milk and alcohol to chemicals and crude oil, as well as garbage trucks, truck mixers and other construction site vehicles . Xianfeng Nachrichtenentechnik GmbH manufactures devices for the manned space program of the People's Republic of China as well as for electronic countermeasures . Wanfeng Technologieentwicklung GmbH deals with systems for laser-guided weapons , TT&C systems, guidance systems , non-ferrous metals and, through its subsidiary Sanjiang Elektromechanik (湖北 三江 航天 机电 设备 有限 责任 公司), with systems for the production of animal feed. Good Biotech GmbH produces lactic acid and lactates for use in the food industry. Changzheng Equipment GmbH produces furniture for hotels ("Sanjiang Space Furniture" or 三江 航天 家具), car seats, etc. through subsidiaries. In the Hongyang mechanical engineering factory (since 2006 "Sanjiang Bootstechnologie GmbH"), where the final assembly of the nuclear missiles once took place, one deals with composite materials and sophisticated welding techniques. Today jet skis , motor boats and small yachts are manufactured there and are sold in over 20 countries. The export of the boats, as well as the other products of the Sanjiang Group - for example, the fruit and vegetable processing machines from Gofun Maschinenbau GmbH are in great demand in Southeast Asia, Pakistan, etc. - has been handled by Sanjiang Import-Export since 1998 GmbH.

For the commercial space business, in which the group has been active since May 2000, initially with limited success, ExPace Technology GmbH was founded in mid-February 2016 with a share capital of 300 million yuan, which includes the solid rocket Kuaizhou-1A , an improved variant of the Kuaizhou-1, should develop. Five months later, on September 12, 2016, the Sanjiang Group signed a contract with the Hubei Provincial Government and Wuhan City Council to build a National Space Industry Base (武汉 国家 航天 产业 基地) in the eastern Xinzhou District . The first company to settle on the 42,500 m² site was ExPace Technology, which built the Kuaizhou missile industry park (快 舟 火箭 产业 园) there.

The Sanjiang Group is also working on a space-based Internet system, the so-called “Xingyun Project” (行 云 工程). It is planned to place 48 data reception satellites in a low earth orbit at an altitude of 800 km, which will be supported by 9 relay satellites at an altitude of 1,400 km. With this constellation, which is to be expanded to 80 satellites by 2023, position data from ships etc. is to be collected for customers between the 50th degree north and south latitude and messages in real time via the L-band (1–2 GHz) with low bandwidth be replaced. On January 9, 2017, a Kuaizhou-1A launcher launched the first Xingyun Shiyan 1 (云 试验 一号) test satellite, weighing 2.79 kg, into a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 656 km.

As the next step, Xingyun Technologie GmbH (航天 行 云 科技 有限公司) was founded on December 26, 2017 by the Sanjiang Group, its subsidiary ExPace and two other partners with a share capital of 300 million yuan, initially with around 50 employees. The company officially commenced operations on March 15, 2018, and in December 2018 the prototypes of the first two 93 kg satellites of the Xingyun 2 series (行 云 二号) were completed. The real satellites were finally launched from the Jiuquan Cosmodrome on May 12, 2020 , again with a Kuaizhou-1A from ExPace GmbH. These two satellites were placed in a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 561 km.

In addition to the devices for L-band data transmission with 2.4–9.6 Kbit / s for the uplink and 2.4 Kbit / s for the downlink , each of the satellites also has a 6.5 kg communication laser with a power consumption of 80 W, which enables them to exchange pictures, voice messages and data with each other at high speed in orbit. This process is much less susceptible to interference from bad space weather etc. than radio traffic, it is bug-proof, the lasers are lighter and require less power. The system's dependency on ground stations is also reduced, which means lower costs for setting up the infrastructure. At the beginning of August 2020, the laser communication between Xingyun 2-01 and Xingyun 2-02 was successfully tested.

About Wuhan Raycus Fiber Laser Technologies AG , which has been in control since December 2011 , Guanggu GmbH, founded in 2015, and through the acquisition of Shanghai Gauss Lasers GmbH (国 神 光电 科技 (上海) 有限公司) in 2019, Sanjiang- Group active in the field of laser technology. One day before the aerospace industry base was founded, the foundation stone was laid for Guanggu Laser Technology Park (武汉 光谷 激光 科技,) on September 11, 2016 in the southern Jiangxia district , in which the Sanjiang Group invested 2.4 billion yuan.

The CEO of the Sanjiang Group has been Guo Yong (郭勇) since November 30, 2015. The group has around 15,000 workers and employees, including over 3,000 academics. 6000 of the 15,000 employees work in the technical field, the rest in administration and sales. In 2018, the Sanjiang Group had total sales of 27.84 billion yuan and profit was 2.16 billion yuan.

subsidiary company

The CSSG has a number of subsidiaries , some of which arose from the original factories of Basis 066, but today have a different product range:

  • Xianfeng Nachrichtenentechnik GmbH, Xiaogan (湖北 三江 航天 险峰 电子 信息 有限公司)
  • Wanfeng Technologieentwicklung GmbH, Xiaogan (湖北 三江 航天 万峰 科技 发展 有限公司)
  • Jiangbei Maschinenbau GmbH, Xiaogan (湖北 三江 航天 江北 机械 工程 有限公司)
  • Wanshan Sonderfahrzeuge GmbH , Xiaogan
  • Shuanglong Spezialfahrzeug GmbH, Suizhou (湖北 航天 双龙 专用 汽车 有限公司)
  • Sanjiang Space Good Biotech GmbH, Wuhan (武汉 三江 航天 固 德 生物 科技 有限公司), formerly Jianghe chemical plant (江河 化工厂)
  • Sanjiang Immobilien GmbH, Wuhan (武汉 三江 航天 房地产 开发 有限公司)
  • ExPace Technology GmbH , Wuhan
  • Xingyun Technologie GmbH, Wuhan (航天 行 云 科技 有限公司)
  • Sanjiang Bootstechnologie GmbH, Xiaogan (湖北 三江 船艇 科技 有限公司), formerly Hongyang State Mechanical Engineering Factory (国营 红 阳 机械 厂)
  • Changzheng Equipment GmbH, Xiaogan (湖北 航天 长征 装备 有限公司), formerly factory 8614 (8614 厂)
  • Sanjiang Walit Sonderfahrzeuge GmbH, Xiaogan (三江 瓦 力 特特 种 车辆 有限公司)
  • Shanghai Gofun Maschinenbau GmbH, Kunshan (上海 果 丰 机械 设备 有限公司)
  • Guanggu Lasertechnologie GmbH, Wuhan (武汉 光谷 航天 三江 激光 产业 技术 研究院 有限公司)
  • Sanjiang Import-Export GmbH, Wuhan (武汉 三江 进出口 有限公司)

Web links

Individual evidence

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Coordinates: 30 ° 38 ′ 39.9 ″  N , 114 ° 11 ′ 48 ″  E