Xi'an Satellite Control Center

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Emblem of the Strategic Combat Support Force

The Xi'an Satellite Control Center ( Chinese  中國 西安 衛星 測控 中心  /  中国 西安 卫星 测控 中心 , Pinyin Zhōnggúo Xī'ān Wèixīng Cèkòng Zhōngxīn ), also known as "26. Base of the Chinese People's Liberation Army for testing and training ”(中国人民解放军 第二 十六 试验 训练 基地, Pinyin Zhōnggúo Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Dì Èrshíliù Shìyàn Xùnliàn Jīdì ), in short“ Base 26 ”(第 26 基地.), Is responsible for the telemetry tracking and control of the Chinese satellites. It is located in the Beilin District of Xi'an , Shaanxi Province , People's Republic of China . The Xi'an satellite control center has been subordinate to the satellite launches, orbit tracking and control (卫星 发射 测控 系统 部) department of the Strategic Combat Support Force since January 1, 2016 .

history

The nucleus of the satellite control center Xi'an is the "Department of Satellitengeodäsie " (卫星地面测量部, Pinyin weixing Dìmiàncèliáng Bù ), internally as "unit 436 of the Chinese People's Liberation Army " (中国人民解放军436部队, Pinyin Zhongguo Rénmín Jiefangjun 436 Budui hereinafter) that a branch of the June 23, 1967 cosmodrome Jiuquan in the area of the former people's commune Qiaonan (now greater community Qiaonan ,桥南镇) of the then circle Weinan was founded in the eastern province of Shaanxi. In a remote location that did not even have a power supply at the beginning, simple buildings were erected and long-wire antennas were set up. Colonel Wang Shengyuan (王 盛 元, 1921–2012), the commander of Unit 436, was actually with the General Staff (总参 测绘 局 地图 计划 供应 处, Pinyin Zǒngcān Cèhuìjú Dìtú Jìhuàgōngyì ) as the former head of the map drawing office of the Office for Topography and Cartography at the General Staff Land surveying was concerned, however the term "satellite geodesy" was somewhat misleading. In truth, the unit had been set up as part of " Project 651 ", which initially involved sending a satellite into space. Under the supervision of Chen Fangyun from the Institute of Electronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院 电子 学 研究所), trajectory monitoring systems for the Dong Fang Hong I satellite under construction have been developed. These proved their worth. After the propaganda satellite was launched from the Jiuquan Cosmodrome on April 24, 1970, Chen Fangyun and his team succeeded in predicting the precise overflight time and location in the sky for 244 cities on earth, so that all of humanity would be at 20.009 MHz in AM dem Song " The East is Red " could hear. At this point in time, China, including the headquarters in Shaanxi, already had 5 ground stations (地面 观测 站, Pinyin Dìmiàn Guāncè Zhàn ) distributed all over the country , which worked together to track the satellite's trajectory:

When three departments were relocated from the Jiuquan Cosmodrome in September 1975 in order not to lose all the bright heads at once in a Soviet first strike, which was feared at the time, Testing Department 6 (第六 试验 部, Pinyin Dì Liù Shìyànbù ) came to Weinan . Since the Jiuquan Cosmodrome officially "20. Base of the Chinese People's Liberation Army for Testing and Training ", the previous" Department for Satellite Geodesy "was now in" 26. China People's Liberation Army Base for Testing and Training "renamed as" 20th Basis - Department 6 ”(in Chinese,“ 20 - 6 ”is pronounced like“ 26 ”: èrshí liù ). Colonel Wang Shengyuan remained in command of the base, but the unit stationed there was renamed “Unit 89750 of the Chinese People's Liberation Army” and later to “Unit 63750”. Chen Fangyun now lived permanently on the base in order to organize the preparations for the mission of the second Chinese return satellite, which was planned for November (on the first attempt on November 5, 1974, the launcher had not reached orbit). For this purpose, he formed mobile control and rescue teams (活动 测控 回收 部队, Pinyin Huódòng Cèkòng Huíshōu Bùduì ), each equipped with 8 direction finders and a helicopter, as well as portable VHF direction finders and radios for those in rough terrain like a backpack men deployed on foot.

It was originally planned that one of the DF vehicles in the center of the planned landing area should be stationed in Sichuan, the other at a certain radius around it, from which by means of triangulation the approximate location of "pioneer 1" (尖兵一号, Pinyin Jianbing Yi Hào ) should be determined. The helicopter was supposed to verify this from the air and direct the search teams to the location by radio. Then everything turned out differently. On November 26, 1975, a Changzheng 2C launch vehicle successfully put the satellite into orbit, but a loss of pressure was noted in the gas tank for its attitude control system. Qian Xuesen and Yang Jiachi (杨嘉 墀, 1916–2006), the two scientific directors of the mission, had different views on the scope of the phenomenon, and so it was decided to return the satellite to Earth prematurely after only three days in space.

This was an extremely difficult undertaking. In the run-up to the mission, the technicians in Weinan wrote an algorithm of tens of thousands of steps over a period of more than two weeks to calculate the individual commands for the re-entry of the satellite. On November 29, the command sequence for re-entry into the atmosphere was started from the Weinan ground control center. However, the satellite did not land near the Xichang cosmodrome , which is still under construction, as intended , but 400 km southeast in the special Liuzhi area . After evaluating the data from the ground stations of the Chinese Space Control Network (中国 航天 测控 网, Pinyin Zhōnggúo Hángtiān Cèkòngwǎng ), Chen Fangyun was able to quickly say that the satellite must be in Guizhou Province . But then there were four local miners who had seen a fireball fall from the sky - the landing parachute of the return capsule had not opened - and reported this to the authorities. When a rescue team finally came to the site, they were able to secure the capsule with the photos that the satellite had taken from space, some of which were overexposed due to the hard landing, but still usable.

The Yuan Wang 2 in 2005

As early as 1965, at the suggestion of Qian Xuesen, in connection with the development of ICBMs, thought was given to expanding the space control network that was being established to the open sea. On July 18, 1967, the project was officially started, which, as usual in China, was named after the date: "Project 718" (718 工程, Pinyin 718 Gōngchéng ), ie "the project started on July 18". In April 1975 , a command post was set up in Jiangyin on the lower Yangtze River , 350 km from the sea, to prepare for the construction of a military base. At the same time began Jiangnan Shipyard on Changxing Island in Shanghai to build two tracking ships , the Yuanwang 1 and 2 yuan Wang (远望一号or远望二号, literally. "Looking into the distance"), which launched on August 31 and October 1977, respectively. The two ships were identical in construction, with a length of 191 m, a width of 22.6 m, a draft of 9 m and a standard displacement of 21,000 tons. Jiangyin Naval Base was designated as the “23rd” in October 1978. Base of the Chinese People's Liberation Army for testing and training ”(中国人民解放军 第二 十三 试验 训练 基地, Pinyin Zhōnggúo Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Dì Èrshísān Shìyàn Xùnliàn Jīdì ) officially put into operation. However, the two tracking ships still had to go through a whole series of tests on the high seas, the direction finding equipment had to be installed, so that they were not put into service until the beginning of 1980.

The tracking ships had their first major test in April 1984 when China's first geostationary satellite was launched into space from the Xichang Cosmodrome . After the start on April 8, 1984, the headquarters in Weinan and all ground stations were busy for 8 days checking and correcting the orbit of the Dong Fang Hong II communications satellite . For this they only had four archaic transistor computers of the type DJS-8, also known as "Computer 320" (320 计算机, Pinyin 320 Jìsuànjī ), which were connected to a mainframe computer with a performance of several hundred thousand operations per second. Finally, the satellite reached a geostationary orbit at an altitude of 36,000 km above the equator at 125 degrees east longitude, i.e. roughly at the level of Manchuria and the Philippines , where it remained stable for four years and transmitted television programs and telephone calls in a trial run.

In 1987 the satellite control center was relocated to the provincial capital Xi'an - the antennas remained in Weinan - and equipped with new equipment. The center now had the following departments:

  • Data processing (数据 处理 系统, Pinyin Shùjù Chǔlǐ Xìtǒng )
  • Telecommunications (通信 系统, Pinyin Tōngxìn Xìtǒng )
  • Command, monitoring and control (指挥 监控 系统, Pinyin Zhǐhuī Jiān Kòng Xìtǒng )
  • Time synchronization (时间 统一 系统, Pinyin Shíjiān Tǒngyī Xìtǒng )

On September 21, 1992, the Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China approved the manned space program, named after the date as "Project 921" (921 工程, Pinyin 921 Gōngchéng ). To increase safety, a third tracking ship was laid down, the Yuan Wang 3, which was launched on April 26, 1994 and, after extensive tests, was put into service on May 18, 1995. From August 1998, the oceanographic research ship Xiang Yang Hong 10 (向阳 红 10 号) was converted into a tracking ship at the Chengxi repair yard in Jiangyin, and on July 18, 1999, it was subordinated to the Xi'an satellite control center as "Yuan Wang 4". In March 1996, the groundbreaking ceremony for a second space control center took place on the northwestern outskirts of Beijing , which was to deal specifically with the manned missions and later the lunar missions and began trial operations in November 1998.

In order to expand the monitoring area to the east , another ground station was set up in Qingdao , Shandong Province . Rockets are usually launched to the east in order to utilize the thrust of the Earth's rotation, and the Qingdao ground station was responsible for monitoring the disconnection of the lower rocket stages in the first phase of the flight and, if necessary, triggering them manually. In addition, there were the usual tasks of a ground station, such as receiving and recording telemetry data and forwarding it to the control centers in Xi'an, Beijing and on the Jiuquan Cosmodrome , from where the manned missions start. A seventh ground station was built in Xiamen , Fujian Province , also on China's east coast. This was completed on June 17, 1993 and, after extensive tests, was put into operation on April 20, 1994. In addition, the satellite control center Xi'an cooperated with the Italian Space Agency , which since the 1960s at Malindi on the coast of Kenya operates a ground station, which among other things, a parabolic antenna has 10 meters in diameter, which is used for monitoring and control of launch vehicles.

How important such a wide-span network was was to become apparent in 1999, when the prototype of a manned spacecraft launched on November 20 at 06:30 local time on the Jiuquan Cosmodrome - still without a crew - received the re-entry command sent by the Beijing Space Control Center on the second attempt ignored into the atmosphere. After all, it was the tracking ship Yuan Wang 3, lying off the coast of Namibia , which, after the crew had located the spaceship, successfully gave the order to initiate the braking maneuver. Nine minutes later, the spaceship, later known as " Shenzhou 1 ", had left the radio range of Yuan Wang 3, independently crossed Africa and Pakistan, until it finally entered Chinese airspace via Tibet and landed in Inner Mongolia .

Although the mission was ultimately a success, on December 13, 2000, China signed an agreement with the Namibian government to build a ground station north of Swakopmund . The small station with two parabolic antennas of 5 m and 9 m in diameter was completed on November 2, 2001 and has a permanent crew of 5 men, which will be increased to 20 men during a Shenzhou mission - the station was built especially for this purpose .

China has had good contacts with the Pakistani space agency SUPARCO ( Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission ) since 1990, as their first communications satellite Badr-1 ( full moon ) on July 16 of that year from the Xichang cosmodrome with a Changzheng 2E launcher was promoted. After the Baikonur Cosmodrome in launched reconnaissance satellite Badr-B and acquired in 2002 by Indonesia communications satellite PAKSAT-1, in October 2008 in the presence of President Asif Ali Zardari in Beijing an agreement between the SUPARCO and the China Great Wall Industry Corporation , a Subsidiary of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation , signed for the development and construction of its successor satellite Paksat 1R . A year later, in October 2009, a contract followed for the construction of a ground station in Karachi and a reserve station in Lahore . These two ground stations were financed by a loan of 86.5 million yuan (then about 10 million euros), which the China Exim Bank , a state bank for the promotion of foreign trade, granted Pakistan on October 29, 2010.

Paksat 1R was launched from Xichang on August 11, 2011, and a little later, on November 30, 2011, the two ground stations in Karachi and Lahore went into operation. In addition to monitoring and controlling the civilian satellites, the Pakistani nuclear forces ( Pakistan Strategic Forces Command ) also oversee the Chinese Beidou navigation satellites from there , for which they are given access to their specially secured military navigation signals. Since the Shenzhou-9 mission in 2012, the Xi'an satellite control center has been using the Karachi ground station to monitor the landing approach of the return capsules with the astronauts, and in 2014 also for the return capsule of the experimental lunar probe Chang'e 5-T1 .

The lunar program , which was officially launched on January 24, 2004, posed major challenges for the Xi'an satellite control center and its ground stations, which were originally only designed for tracking and controlling spacecraft in the near-earth region. In the case of the first orbiters Chang'e-1 and Chang'e-2, improvements were made to the probe, such as a special directional antenna to improve communication. After the end of the Chang'e-1 mission in 2009, however, planning began for deep-space stations with large parabolic antennas and powerful transmitters, which were not only planned for flights to the moon (400,000 km), but also for those that were already being planned existing Mars missions (400,000,000 km) could be used. At the beginning of 2013, a 35 m antenna was first put into operation at Yarkand in the administrative district of Kashgar , because of the infrastructural connection to the old 18 m antenna in Kashgar itself called "Kashgar deep space station" (喀什 深 空 站, Pinyin Kāshí Shēnkōngzhàn ), plus a 66 m antenna in a large forest area southeast of the Manchurian Giyamusi . In April 2018, the Zapala deep space station in Argentina was added with a 35 m antenna.

After the Chang'e 1 mission in 2007, where the support of ESA and its global ESTRACK network was still required, another ground station was built near Santiago de Chile on the opposite side of the earth from China. The Santiago (圣地亚哥 站) station was then used for the first time to track and control Chang'e-2, as was the case with the DSLWP-B microsatellite , which was launched on May 20, 2018 together with the Elsternbrücke relay satellite , but then independently flew to the moon. Since its sister satellite DSLWP-A and the Elsternbrücke itself also had to be looked after at the same time , the Xi'an satellite control center reached the limits of its capacity on this mission.

organization structure

The Xi'an Satellite Control Center, headed by Major General Yu Peijun (余培军, * 1966) since August 2017, currently has the following organizational structure:

  • Headquarters
  • planning
  • Control room
  • Technical department
    • System development
    • Device development
    • Software development
    • Telemetry data processing
    • Tracking data processing
    • Monitoring and control of the regular satellite functions
  • Mobile spacecraft surveillance and recovery
    • Mobile Surveillance Troop 1
    • Mobile surveillance team 2
    • Dörbed landing site with weather station

The following ground stations are subordinate to the Xi'an Satellite Control Center:

There are also three deep space stations with large parabolic antennas and powerful transmitters:

For complex deep-space missions and landings of manned and unmanned space capsules, the following ground stations are also used abroad:

In addition, the Xi'an satellite control center is also subordinate to the following tracking ships based on base 23 in Jiangyin :

  • Yuan Wang 3
  • Yuan Wang 5
  • Yuan Wang 6
  • Yuan Wang 7

Radio networks

The Chinese space control network with its headquarters in Xi'an now uses three frequency ranges for the space telecontrol service:

- The VHF band for distance and speed measurement, telemetry and remote control of satellites in low and medium orbits of less than 2000 km or between 2000 km and 36,000 km. This radio network is used by the following stations:

  • Nanning
  • Kashgar
  • Changchun
  • Mobile surveillance teams

- The C-band for distance and angle measurement, telemetry and remote control of satellites in geostationary orbit (35,786 km). This radio network is used by the following stations:

  • Weinan
  • Xiamen
  • Tracking vessels

- The S-band for distance, speed and angle measurement, telemetry, remote control, radiotelephony and transmission of television images during manned space flights, lunar missions and satellites in low and medium orbits. This radio network is used by the following stations:

  • Weinan
  • Xiamen
  • Qingdao
  • Nanning
  • Kashgar
  • Mobile surveillance teams
  • Tracking vessels

The ground station Minxi is currently responsible for the connection work between the individual ground stations. This network is partly satellite-based; For example, the mobile surveillance teams communicate via very small aperture terminals . The fixed ground stations use the SDH and PDH fiber optic networks of the People's Liberation Army to communicate with one another . Communication with the track tracking vessels takes place via Inmarsat satellites. In the network, the Beijing Space Control Center, the Xi'an Satellite Control Center and the Jiuquan Cosmodrome act as nodes, the other stations as users.

See also

Web links

Commons : Yuan Wang 2  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files
Commons : Yuan Wang 3  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

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  52. ↑ 测控 通信 网 的 组成. In: spacechina.com. September 17, 2012, accessed January 21, 2019 (Chinese).