Paksat 1R

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PAKSAT 1R
Start date August 11, 2011, 4:15 p.m. UTC
Launcher Long march 3B
Launch site Xichang Cosmodrome
COSPAR-ID : 2011-042A
Takeoff mass 5120 kg
Manufacturer CAST , SUPARCO
Satellite bus DFH-4
lifespan 15 years (planned)Template: future / in 5 years
operator SUPARCO
Playback information
Transponder 18 Ku-band and 12 C-band transponders
Others
Electrical power 7.75 kW
position
First position 37.8 ° East
Actual position 38 ° East
List of geostationary satellites

PAKSAT 1R is a communications satellite of the Pakistani aerospace research organization SUPARCO ( Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission ). It was placed into geostationary orbit on Aug. 11, 2011 at 16:15:00 UTC on a Long March 3B from Ramp LA-2 of the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in southwest China's Sichuan Province. On September 11, 2011, Paksat 1R reached its first position at 37.8 ° East. The satellite was then subjected to tests and maneuvered to the position reserved by the International Telecommunication Union for Pakistan at 38 ° east longitude before it was handed over to SUPARCO on November 30, 2011.

prehistory

The Paksat project dates back to 1981 when SUPARCO was reformed by General Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq and began developing satellites at the suggestion of its then director Salim Mehmud. Initially, SUPARCO engineers were sent to the University of Surrey in England to take part in the development of the amateur radio satellite UoSAT 2 , which then resulted in the Badr 1 experimental satellite launched on July 16, 1990 from the Xichang cosmodrome . At the same time, a ground station with a 10 m parabolic antenna was built in Rawat near Rawalpindi in 1983 . The idea at the time was to irradiate India with television broadcasts to give the local people an independent insight into Pakistani culture. However, during an inspection of SUPARCO's headquarters in Karachi in 1984, Zia-ul-Haq suddenly declared that the Paksat project had to be canceled due to lack of funds.

In 1993, under Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto , the Paksat program was resumed. For this purpose, Pakistan applied to the International Telecommunication Union for frequencies and geostationary positions at 38 ° and 41 ° east longitude. The ITU approved the application and reserved the positions for Pakistan for one year. During this time, SUPARCO was unable to develop its own satellite - even in industrialized countries this usually takes five years - and so the positions expired in 1994. In 2002, SUPARCO again applied for geostationary orbits, this time at 38 °, 41 °, 30 °, 88 ° and 101 ° east longitude. Once again it was completely hopeless to develop our own satellite by the deadline set on April 19, 2003. Therefore, SUPARCO entered into negotiations with the Hughes Space and Communications Group , which had been part of Boeing since 2000 . On January 31, 1996, this company placed the communications satellite Palapa C1 in orbit for Indonesia . The satellite initially worked perfectly, but then developed problems with the control unit of its accumulator, so that it could only be used temporarily on a total of 88 days per year during the satellite eclipses that occur twice a year. On July 3, 2002, the Pakistani cabinet approved the lease of the satellite, which was originally positioned at 113 degrees east longitude, for $ 4.5 million a year. On August 6, 2002, the contract was signed with Hughes and the satellite was renamed Paksat 1 . After a series of orbital maneuvers, the satellite reached the position reserved for Pakistan at 38 ° east longitude on December 20, 2002 and began normal operations on February 1, 2003.

Planning and development

By the time Paksat 1 began broadcasting 49 TV channels, the Internet and telephone to more than 75 countries, from Europe to Bangladesh, in early 2003, it was almost half of his life. Therefore, in 2004 SUPARCO started an ambitious project to develop its own replacement satellite, the so-called "Paksat-1Replacement". During a state visit to Beijing in April 2007, Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz managed to convince his Chinese counterpart Wen Jiabao to take part in the project. As a result, on April 17, 2007, the China National Space Administration and SUPARCO signed a framework agreement in which it was stipulated that both authorities would first jointly launch the Paksat 1R communications satellite, and later an earth observation satellite.

When Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari was on a state visit to Beijing in October 2008, just one month after taking office, the Pakistani Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi and Wang Haibo signed on October 15, 2008 under his and President Hu Jintao's supervision (王海波, * 1969), General Director of the China Great Wall Industry Corporation since 2004 , signed the final contract for the construction of Paksat 1R. The CGWIC is a front organization of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation for its interactions with foreign business partners. As is customary in such cases, it acted as a general contractor to SUPARCO, who offered a complete package, from development and construction of the satellite to launcher and launch to tracking, telemetry and control. When Paksat 1R had reached its correct orbit, it should be handed over to SUPARCO, which would then take over the operation of the satellite with its own ground stations. In that agreement had already been determined that the satellite on the DFH-4 bus of the Chinese Academy of Space Technology would be based, with 18 Ku-band - and 12 C-band - transponders be equipped and on the position of 38 degrees East, South and to provide a variety of different communication services to Central Asia, East Africa, Eastern Europe and the Far East.

On March 16, 2009, the Academy for Space Technology in the Shenzhou Academy , where it has concentrated its teaching activities since 2005, began to train the Pakistani technicians for the project. At the same time, a prototype of the satellite was constructed by SUPARCO in its Satellite Research and Development Center in Lahore , with parts bought in normal stores in order to keep development costs low. It was just a laboratory model with three C-band transponders, on which the young engineers could familiarize themselves with the technology. The actual satellite was built by Dong Fang Hong Satellite Ltd. (航天 东方 红 卫星 有限公司), a subsidiary of the Academy of Space Technology. The costs were pre-financed with a loan of $ 200 million granted by the Chinese government on September 18, 2009 - the standard price for a DFH-4 satellite. Only some of the components came from Pakistan, so that the Space Technology Academy was able to verify SUPARCO's ability to develop a modern satellite for future cooperation projects such as the Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite .

Ground segment

When Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani was in Beijing in mid-October 2009 for a meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization , not only was the final loan agreement signed between the Pakistani Ministry of Economic Affairs and China Exim Bank for the $ 200 million for the satellite on October 15, 2009 , but also an agreement between SUPARCO and China Great Wall Industry Corporation to build the ground segment for Paksat 1R, consisting of ground stations in Karachi and Lahore . In June 2010, another loan of 86.5 million yuan (then 12.8 million dollars) was agreed for the ground segment. On October 29, 2010, Masood Khan (* 1951), the Pakistani ambassador to Beijing, signed the relevant contract with the Exim Bank on behalf of the Ministry of Economic Affairs. A good year later, on November 30, 2011, the two ground stations were handed over to Pakistan on a turnkey basis. At this point Paksat 1R had reached its final position at 38 ° East longitude - the old Paksat 1 was maneuvered to 38.2 ° East - and had passed all tests, and GWIC passed responsibility for the satellite to Pakistan. Ultimately, only the antennas are located in Karachi and Lahore. The satellite, which has an expected service life of 15 years, is controlled from the ground station in Rawat, which was expanded with Chinese help.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ PAKSAT 1R. n2yo.com, accessed February 13, 2020 .
  2. ↑ Thomas Weyrauch: PAKSAT 1R launched on a Chinese rocket . Raumfahrer.net, August 12, 2011.
  3. ↑ Thomas Weyrauch: PAKSAT 1R tested at 37.8 degrees east. raumfahrer.net, September 13, 2011, accessed on September 14, 2011 .
  4. ↑ a b Karachi + Lahore Ground Stations. In: globalsecurity.org. August 26, 2018, accessed February 13, 2020 .
  5. ^ Nick Hansen: Satellite ground station expansion shows Pakistan's reliance on China. In: janes.com. Retrieved February 12, 2020 .
  6. ↑ 张利娟: 我们 这样 创造 “北斗 奇迹”. In: beidou.gov.cn. March 4, 2019, accessed February 12, 2020 (Chinese).
  7. ↑ a b Salman Siddiqui: Lagging behind: 2040 - Pakistan's space od (d) yssey. In: tribune.com.pk. August 1, 2012, accessed February 12, 2020 .
  8. ↑ Gunter Dirk Krebs: Palapa C1, C2 / HGS 3 / Anatolia 1 / Paksat 1. In: space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved February 12, 2020 .
  9. ↑ J. Sanz Subirana et al .: Satellite Eclipses. In: gssc.esa.int. July 8, 2018, accessed February 12, 2020 .
  10. ^ Mueen Afzal: Issue Regarding Revenue Sharing in Paksat Project. In: antisystemic.org. July 4, 2002, accessed February 12, 2020 .
  11. ^ Hughes Global Services to Provide Satellite to Pakistan. In: m.prnewswire.com. August 6, 2002, archived from the original on June 24, 2013 ; accessed on February 12, 2020 (English).
  12. ↑ Pak Sat-I will be functional from Feb. In: dailytimes.com.pk. December 30, 2002, archived from the original on May 19, 2006 ; accessed on February 12, 2020 (English).
  13. ^ China-Pakistan Strategic Partnership Taken to New Heights. In: bjreview.com.cn. April 18, 2007, accessed February 12, 2020 .
  14. ↑ Khaleeq Kiani: 27 pacts signed with China: N-cooperation discussed: Aziz. In: dawn.com. April 18, 2007, accessed February 12, 2020 .
  15. ↑ 王海波. In: spacechina.com. Retrieved February 12, 2020 (Chinese).
  16. ↑ 中国 长城 工业 总公司 与 巴基斯坦 空间 和 外 大气层 研究 ​​委员会 签署 巴基斯坦 1R 通信 卫星 项目 合同. In: cgwic.com. October 15, 2008, accessed February 12, 2020 (Chinese).
  17. ↑ training. In: cn.cgwic.com. Retrieved February 13, 2020 .
  18. ↑ Prototype PAKSAT-1R. In: suparco.gov.pk. Retrieved February 12, 2020 .
  19. ↑ Thomas Weyrauch: China helps finance PAKSAT 1R. In: china.raumfahrer.net. September 20, 2009, accessed February 12, 2020 .
  20. ↑ 马丽: 我 首颗 直播 卫星 “鑫 诺 二号” 可能 成 太空 垃圾. In: scitech.people.com.cn. November 30, 2006, accessed February 13, 2020 (Chinese).
  21. ↑ PakSat-1R. In: cn.cgwic.com. Retrieved February 13, 2020 .
  22. ↑ China successfully launches 2 remote sensing satellites PRSS-1, PakTES-1A for close ally Pakistan. In: financialexpress.com. July 9, 2018, accessed February 13, 2020 .
  23. ^ Project Financing. In: cn.cgwic.com. Retrieved February 13, 2020 .
  24. ^ PM Gilani Concludes Successful Visit to China. In: pk.chineseembassy.org. October 17, 2009, accessed February 13, 2020 .
  25. ↑ Integrated Satellite Ground Stations. In: cn.cgwic.com. Retrieved February 13, 2020 .
  26. ^ Lubos Perek: Actual situation in the Geostationary Orbit. In: unoosa.org. February 14, 2012, accessed February 13, 2020 .