Ammonium dinitramide

Structural formula
General
Surname	Ammonium dinitramide
Molecular formula	H 4 N 4 O 4
Brief description	Colorless crystals
External identifiers / databases
CAS number 140456-78-6 EC number 604-184-9 ECHA InfoCard 100.126.585 PubChem 10219428 ChemSpider 8394920 Wikidata Q408327
properties
Molar mass	124.06 g mol −1
Physical state	firmly
density	1.812 g cm −3 (20 ° C)
Melting point	92 ° C (decomposition from 135 ° C)
safety instructions
GHS hazard labeling no classification available
As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions .

Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is of great importance as an oxidizer for fuels and as an explosive . ADN was first developed in the Soviet Union ( Vladimir Alexandrowitsch Tartakowski and others) and was known in the West after the Cold War .

properties

Ammonium dinitramide consists of solid, colorless crystals . It is still difficult to keep the material pure.

Explosion parameters

Important explosion indicators are:

• Heat of explosion : 2668 kJ kg ⁻¹ (H ₂ O (g)) .
• Normal gas volume : 1084 l kg ⁻¹ .
• Specific energy : 843 kJ kg ⁻¹
• Impact sensitivity : 4 N · m
• Friction sensitivity : 64 N

use

Ammonium dinitramide is a solid oxidizer mainly used for high performance multicomponent solid rocket propellants . ADN and other similar compounds are the subject of several patents for use as multicomponent solid rocket propellants and as explosives , both for pyrotechnic uses in general and for other uses such as means for inflating airbags . Due to its good oxygen balance and high enthalpy of formation, ADN appears to be of interest as a halogen-free oxidizing agent for solid rocket propellants and is currently the subject of intensive studies. The absence of halogens makes radar detection of the rocket's exhaust gas difficult .

It is also part of the monergole liquid fuel mixture LMP-103S for satellite engines . This could replace the much more toxic hydrazine as monergolic fuel for spacecraft.

Manufacturing

Ammonium dinitramide is obtained by ammonolysis of dinitroamines , which are formed by stepwise nitration of urethanes , β, β-iminodipropionitrile or nitramide . The last nitration stage in each case requires the strongest nitration reagents such as nitronium tetrafluoroborate or dinitrogen pentoxide . Another process leads via the direct nitration of ammonia with nitrous oxide to a product mixture of ADN and ammonium nitrate .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Venkatachalam, S .; Santhosh, G .; Ninan, KN: An Overview on the Synthetic Routes and Properties of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) and other Dinitramide Salts in Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 29 (2004) 178-187, doi : 10.1002 / prep.200400043 .
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Koehler, J .; Meyer, R .; Homburg, A .: Explosivstoffe , tenth, completely revised edition. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2008, ISBN 978-3-527-32009-7 .
3. ↑ This substance has either not yet been classified with regard to its hazardousness or a reliable and citable source has not yet been found.
4. ↑ patent DE10201937 . ‌
5. ↑ Patent EP0001390323 : AMMONIUM DINITRAMIDE BASED LIQUID SINGLE-COMPONENT PROPELLER WITH IMPROVED COMBUSTION STABILITY AND STORAGE LIFE
6. ^ Science Online
7. ^ 'Green' satellite fuel designed to make space safer. ESA, March 16, 2010, accessed July 9, 2011 . 
8. ↑ J. Köhler, Rudolf Meyer, Axel Homburg: Explosivstoffe. 9., revised. u. exp. A., Wiley, 1998, ISBN 3527288643 ( excerpt ).

Web links

• The synthesis of ammonium dinitramide from ammonia and nitrous pentoxide - Paid book