Stone Age parallel societies

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The coexistence of Mesolithic hunters and gatherers and Neolithic farmers in what is now North Rhine-Westphalia , which lasted around 2000 years, is called Stone Age parallel societies . This fact is proven by paleoanthropological mtDNA analyzes of burials from the leaf cavity in Hagen (Westphalia).

For a long time it was assumed that the Mesolithic hunters and gatherers were destroyed or migrated north to arable-free areas. According to Ruth Bollongino, they kept their way of life at least in niche areas for about 2000 years and lived parallel to the immigrant farmers, before their way of life around 3000 BC. In Central Europe.

Genetic results

Population genetic studies have shown that the first arable farmers in Central Europe (see also Linear Pottery Culture ) were not descendants of the hunters and gatherers, but immigrants. It could be proven that Mesolithic women married into Neolithic societies, while genetic lines of Neolithic women were not found in Mesolithic groups. The isotope analyzes show that the hunters stayed in the immediate vicinity of the arable farmers and had contact with them for thousands of years; they kept their eating habits.

Scandinavian researchers found in 2009 on three samples of a passage grave at Gökhem, in Sweden the mtDNA H, J, T, in 19 samples of the Mesolithic Grübchenkeramischen culture in Gotland but the mtDNA groups U4 / 5 / 5a; H1b. With a large-scale comparison, they believe they have proven that today's Scandinavians, despite having lived in the neighborhood for a thousand years, are not descendants of the Mesolithic pre-population, but predominantly of the Neolithic immigrants of the Funnel Beaker Culture (TBK - from 4300 BC).

context

The shallow grave field of Schwerin-Ostorf is the relic of hunters and collectors of the Ertebølle culture and the Lietzow culture, which in enclaves on areas that are not usable for agriculture in today's Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg , otherwise by the carriers of the funnel cup culture (TBK ) used area continued for a certain time. A transition of lifestyles through adaptation could not be proven in other studies either. A main reason for this is that the "circled" hunters and gatherers no longer found any free areas that would have been suitable for a change in their way of life.

See also

literature

  • Ruth Bollongino, Olaf Nehlich, Michael P. Richards, Jörg Orschiedt , Mark G. Thomas, Christian Sell, Zuzana Fajkošová, Adam Powell, Joachim Burger: 2000 Years of Parallel Societies in Stone Age Central Europe. In: Science . Vol. 342, No. 6157, October 25, 2013, pp. 479-481, doi : 10.1126 / science.1245049 .
  • Willy Bastian : The Neolithic flat burial ground of Ostorf, Schwerin district. In: Ground monument maintenance in Mecklenburg. Yearbook. 1961, ISSN  0067-9461 , pp. 7-130.
  • Detlef Gronenborn: Transregional Culture Contacts and the Neolithization Process in Northern Central Europe. In: Peter Jordan, Marek Zvelebil (Ed.): Ceramics before farming. The dispersal of pottery among prehistoric Eurasian hunter-gatherers. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek CA 2009, ISBN 978-1-59874-245-9 , pp. 527-550.
  • Detlef Gronenborn: Climate: Crises, and the "Neolithization" of Central Europe between IRD-events 6 and 4. In: Detlef Gronenborn, Jörg Petrasch (Ed.): Die Neolithisierung Mitteleuropas. = The Spread of the Neolithic to Central Europe. International Conference, Mainz June 24th to 26th, 2005 (= RGZM-Tagungen. 4). Volume 1. Verlag des Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums, Mainz 2010, ISBN 978-3-88467-159-7 , pp. 61–80.
  • Lothar Teichert: The animal bone material from the ruins of the Ralswiek-Augustenhof and Lietzow-Buddelin Kr. Rügen. In: Publications of the Museum for Pre- and Early History Potsdam. Vol. 23, 1989, ISSN  0079-4376 , pp. 59-73.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ancient European DNA: mtDNA & Y-DNA haplogroup frequencies by period. Funnelbeaker culture. www.eupedia.com, accessed August 5, 2012 .
  2. ↑ Helena Malmström, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Mark G. Thomas, Mikael Brandström, Jan Storå, Petra Molnar, Pernille K. Andersen, Christian Bendixen, Gunilla Holmlund, Anders Götherström, Eske Willerslev: Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians . In: Current Biology . tape 19 , no. 20 , November 3, 2009, pp. 1758–1762 , doi : 10.1016 / j.cub.2009.09.017 ( online [accessed August 5, 2012]).