Styracura schmardae
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Styracura schmardae |
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| ( Werner , 1904) |
Styracura schmardae (Engl. Chupare stingray) is a species of ray that is distributed from the southern Gulf of Mexico over the coasts of the Greater and Lesser Antilles to the north coast of South America (north coast from Colombia to French Guiana ). The cartilaginous fish live near the coast in shallow water and come e.g. B. in the mangrove-lined lagoons of Venezuela are quite common.
features
Styracura schmardae has an oval to round body disc, which on average can reach a diameter of one meter, rarely a diameter of two meters. It is exactly as wide as it is long or can be 1.1 times as wide as it is long. The top is dark brown, sepia-colored or sooty olive, with the edges being darker. The underside is yellowish or whitish. The tail is slender and usually much longer than the body disc. It has a very long, sawn poison sting in its center. Along the front quarter of the tail there is a low longitudinal ridge on the sides; Another longitudinal ridge, which begins approximately at the level of the poison sting, is on the underside of the tail. There is no longitudinal ridge on the top of the tail. The pelvic fins have a straight front and a convex rear edge. They do not overlap the body disc. The dorsal and caudal fins are absent. The top of the body disc and the top of the tail in front of the venomous sting are densely covered with small nodules that are enlarged in the shoulder region of each side of the disc. The mouth is slightly curved and contains 28 to 36 teeth arranged in rows in the upper jaw. The teeth are a little darker than the underside of the body, their tips are flat or rounded.
Systematics
Styracura schmardae was first described in 1904 by the Austrian zoologist Franz Werner as Trygon schmardae , but later assigned to the genus Himantura . Phylogenetically , however, the species is, together with the very similar Pacific species "Himantura" pacifica , the sister group of the freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae) occurring in the fresh waters of the tropical zones of South America and not closely related to the Himantura species. That is why the genus Styracura was introduced for this species and "Himantura" pacifica in October 2016 and assigned to the freshwater stingrays as the subfamily Styracurinae.
literature
- Stehmann, M., JD McEachran & R. Vergara R., 1978. Dasyatidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic . Vol. 1. FAO , Rome. ISBN 92-5-104825-8
Individual evidence
- ↑ Lovejoy, NR: Systematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs: with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae: Rajiformes) . In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 117, 1996, pp. 207-257. doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.1996.tb02189.x .
- ↑ Neil C. Aschlimana, Mutsumi Nishida, Masaki Miya, Jun G. Inoue, Kerri M. Rosana, Gavin JP Naylor: Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 63, Issue 1, 2012, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.12.012 , ISSN 1095-9513
- ↑ Gavin JP Naylor, Janine N. Caira, Kirsten Jensen, Kerri AM Rosana, Nicolas Straube & Clemens Lakner: Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. and Neil C. Aschliman, Jennifer M. Kemper & John D. McEachran: Phylogeny of Batoidea. in Jeffrey C. Carrier, John A. Musick, Michael R. Heithaus: Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives (Marine Biology). Publisher: Crc Pr Inc, 2012, ISBN 1-43983-924-7
- ↑ Carvalho, MRd, Loboda, TS & Silva, JPCBd (2016): A new subfamily, Styracurinae, and new genus, Styracura , for Himantura schmardae (Werner, 1904) and Himantura pacifica (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941) (Chondrichthyes : Myliobatiformes). Zootaxa , 4075 (3): 201-221. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa.4175.3.1
Web links
- "Himantura" schmardae on Fishbase.org (English)
- Himantura schmardae in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2006. Posted by: Charvet-Almeida, P. & de Almeida, MP, 2006. Accessed April 2, 2014.