Komi Syrian

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Komi (Komi kyv)

Spoken in

Russia
speaker approx. 262,200
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Komi RepublicRepublic of Komi Republic of Komi
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

kv

ISO 639 -2

com

ISO 639-3

kpv

Komi-Syrian , often just Syrian , is one of the two main dialects of Komi . It is mainly in the autonomous Komi Republic in Russia spoken. There are also some settlements on the Kola Peninsula . The written language introduced in 1917 is based on the variety of the capital Syktyvkar , it is written with the Cyrillic alphabet . Since 1992 Komi-Syrian has the status of an official language in the Republic of Komi. According to the 1989 census, the number of Syrians is around 344,000. Ethnologue gives 262,200 native speakers according to a source from 1993.

The main differences from Komi-Permjak , the other main dialect, are phonological in nature. However, there are also a few morphological differences. The sounds tʲ and dʲ palatalized in Altkomi have lost their palatalization in Syriac . Some vowel endings differ and the final syllable l has partly disappeared in Syrian or has developed into v or w (e.g. vëv "horse", vëv-tëg "without horse", but vël-ën "with a horse"). The latter also applies to some Permyak varieties, but where the original l became v in all positions. However, all Komi dialects south of the Wytschegda River have received the original l. In Syriac, j merges at the beginning of endings with preceding palatalized consonants (e.g. kanʲnʲas "cats", from kanʲ "cat" + -jas "plural"), while in Permyak it merges with all consonants. The accent is only free in Syriac. This means that every syllable of a word can be stressed without changing the meaning. The morphological differences concern the case system . Syrian has 17 grammatical cases, five fewer than Permyak.

The division of the Komi into these two main dialects is therefore relatively weak and has mainly territorial and political reasons. However, some scholars even assume that the two main dialects of Komi are two different languages.

The great variation in the pronominal system in Syriac is remarkable. For the personal pronoun of the third person plural, there are, for example, the variants naja , najëzda , nijëzda , nijë , nija , nïa , nïda , nʲida , nʲidajas , sijajas , sijëzda and ënžajas , which are all synonymous.

Writing and spelling

The alphabet in Komi (Коми анбур)

Komi is written using Cyrillic letters with a few additional characters.

Capitals Minuscule Transliteration IPA
А а a [ɑ]
Б б b [b]
В в v [v]
Г г G [G]
Д д d [d]; palatal , [ɟ]
Дж дж dž [dʒ]
Дз дз dž ' [dʑ]
Е е e [each]; [e] after C except [t, d, s, z, n, l]
Ё ё ë [jo]; [o] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ]
Ж ж ž [ʒ]
З з z [z]; palatal [ʑ]
И и i [i], [ʲi]
І і ï [i] to [t, d, s, z, n, l]
Й й j [j]
К к k [k]
Л л l [ɫ]; palatal [ʎ]
М м m [m]
Н н n [n]; palatal [ɲ]
О о O [O]
Ӧ ӧ ö [ə]
П п p [p]
Р р r [r]
С с s [s]; palatal [ɕ]
Т т t [t]; palatal [c]
Тш тш č [tʃ]
У у u [u]
Ф ф f [f]
Х х x [x]
Ц ц c [ts]
Ч ч ć [tɕ]
Ш ш š [ʃ]
Щ щ šč [ɕ], [ɕː]
Ъ ъ -
Ы ы y [ɨ]
Ь ь ' [ʲ]
Э э è [e]
Ю ю ju [ju]; [u] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ]
Я я Yes [jɑ]; [a] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ]

Phonology

Komi has 33 phonemes; seven vowel and 26 consonant phonemes. The Komi vowel inventory is typologically categorized as "large" (WALS), and the consonant inventory as "moderately large" (WALS).

Vowels

The following table lists the vowels in Komi. The symbols in square brackets [] indicate the IPA value of the sound, those in the ticks <> represent the letter.

Front Headquarters Rear
Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded
Closed [i] < и > [ɨ] < ы > [u] < у ю >
Medium [e] < э е > [ɘ] < ӧ > [o] < о ë >
Open [ɑ] < а я >

Consonants

Labials Dental Alveolar (Pre-)

Palatal

Velare
Plosives [p] < п >

[b] < б >

[t] < т >

[d] < д >

[c] < ть >

[ɟ] < дь >

[k] < к >

[g] < г >

Affricates [t͡s] < ц > [t͡ʃ] < тш >

[d͡ʒ] < дж >

[t͡ɕ] < ч >

[d͡ʑ] < дз >

Fricatives [f] < ф >

[v] < в >

[s] < с >

[z] < з >

[ʃ] < ш >

[ʒ] < ж >

[ɕ] < сь >

[ʑ] < зь >

[x] < х >
Nasals [m] < м > [n] < н > [ɲ] < нь >
Vibrant [r] < р >
Lateral [l] < л > [ʎ] < ль >
Approximants [j] й >

Prosody

The position of the word stress in Syrian Komi is free (in contrast to the other variants of Komi). But generally the first syllable is emphasized more strongly.

morphology

Komi is an agglutinating language .

noun

Syrian Komi has 17 cases, which are formed using suffixes. There is no grammatical gender in Komi. Nouns are inflected in the numera singular and plural. The singular is unmarked, the plural is indicated by the suffix / -jas /. This suffix is ​​written after the palatal consonant -яс, after non-palatal consonants -ъяс. The plural suffix comes first, the case suffix second. For example, the nominative singular книга (kniga) "book" becomes the nominative plural книга-яс (kniga-jas); the genitive plural is marked by another suffix: книга-яс-лӧн (kniga-jas-len) "of the books".

case suffix example
Nominative - книга (kniga) "book"
accusative - / - ӧс книгаöс (knigaes)
Genitive -лӧн книгалӧн (knigalen)
dative -лы книгалы (knigali)
ablative -лысь книгалысь (knigaliɕ)
Consecutive -ла книгала (knigala)
Approximate -lan книгалань (knigalaɲ)
Inessive -ын книгаын (knigajin)
Elative -ысь книгаысь (knigajiɕ)
Illative -ö книгаӧ (knigae)
Prosecutive -ӧд книгаӧд (knigaed)
Transitive -тi книгатi (knigati)
Terminative -ӧдз книгаӧдз (knigaede)
Instrumental -ӧн книгаӧн (knigaen)
Egressive -сянь книгасянь (knigasjaɲ)
Comitative -кӧд книгакӧд (knigaked)
Charity -тӧг книгатӧг (knigateg)

pronoun

In Komi, pronouns are inflected in the categories number (singular and plural), person and case.

Personal pronouns

The independent personal pronoun in the nominative case has the following forms:

Singular Plural
1st person ме ми
2nd person тэ ті
3rd person сійӧ найӧ

The whole paradigm looks like this:

Singular Plural
1 2 3 1 2 3
Nominative ме тэ сійӧ ми тi найӧ
accusative менӧ тэнӧ сійӧс миян тiян налӧн
Genitive менам тэнад сылӧн миянӧс тiянӧс найӧс
ablative меньсым тэньсыд сылысь миянлысь тiяннлысь налысь
dative меным тэныд сылы миянлы тiянлы налысь
Consecutive мела тэла сыла миянла тiянла нала
Approximate мелань тэлань сылань миянлань тiянлань налань
Inessive меын тэын сыын миянын тiянын наын
Elative меысь тэысь сыысь миянысь тiянысь наысь
Illative меӧ тэӧ сыӧ миянӧ тiянӧ наӧ
Prosecutive меӧд тэӧд сыӧд миянӧд тiянӧд наӧд
Transitive метi тэтi сытi миянтi тiянтi натi
Terminative меӧдз тэӧдз сыӧдз миянӧдз тiянӧдз наӧдз
Instrumental меӧн тэӧн сыӧн миянӧн тiянӧн наӧн
Egressive месянь тэсянь сысянь миянсянь тiянсянь насянь
Comitative мекӧд тэкӧд сыкӧд миянкӧд тiянкӧд накӧд
Charity метӧг тэтӧг сытӧг миянтӧг тiянтӧг натӧг

Possessive suffixes

Appending possessive suffixes to a noun can indicate the owner. The possessive suffix generally appears between a noun and a case suffix.

Singular Plural
person suffix example suffix example
1 -ӧ (й) вок-ӧй 'my brother' -Nым вокным 'our brother'
2 -ыд вокыд 'your brother' -ныд вокныд 'your brother'
3 -ыс вокыс 'her / his brother' -ныд вокныс 'her brother'

Apart from nouns, the possessive suffix can also be attached to adjectives in certain syntactic positions in order to express definition.

reflexive pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns

Komi has a bipartitive reciprocal pronoun ӧта-мӧд "each other". The reciprocal pronoun can be marked for case and person.

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns in Komi distinguish between two distances, near and far: тайӧ "this (s / r) (here / near)" and сійӧ "this (s / r) (there)". If demonstrative pronouns are used pronominally, they can be inflected in the categories number and case.

Verbs

Verbs in Komi are inflected in the categories number (singular / plural), person, tense (present, past, perfect, past perfect, future) and mode (indicative / imperative). The marking is done by suffixes, which are often syncratic, i.e. H. mark several categories at the same time.

мунны "go"
Present preterite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1 мун-a мун-ам мун-і мун-ім
2 мун-ан мун-анныд мун-ін мун-інныд
3 мун-ӧ мун-ӧны мун-і (с) мун-і (с) ны

The future tense is identical to the forms of the present tense except for the vowel (a instead of ö) in the third person. Perfect and past perfect are syntactic (compound) forms.

Negation verb

In Komi, as in other Uralic languages, negation is not expressed with a negation particle (cf. German "nicht", English "not"), but with a negated auxiliary verb "nich. sein". This negation verb is inflected in Komi in the categories number, person and tense. See the following table:

"I do not go" "You do not go" "I didn `t go"
ог мун он мун эг мун
1SG.NEG.PRÄSENS go 2SG.NEG.PRÄSENS go 1SG.NEG.PRÄTERITUM go

The paradigm of the negation auxiliary verb "not. sein" is as follows:

person Present preterite
1SG ог эг
2SG он эн
3SG оз эз
1PL ог (ӧ) эгӧ
2PL он (ӧ) энӧ
3PL оз эз

Numerals

The number system in Komi is a decimal system, i.e. H. it is based on a system of ten. The numbers in Komi are:

1 ӧтік 11 дас ӧтік 30th комын
2 кык 12 дас кык 40 нелямын
3 куим 13 дас куим 50 ветымын
4th нёль 14th дас нёль 60 квайтымын
5 вит 15th дас вит 70 сизимдас
6th квайт 16 дас квайт 80 кыкьямысдас
7th сизим 17th дасс изим 90 ӧкмысдас
8th кыкьямыс 18th дас кыкьямыс 100 сё
9 ӧкмыс 19th дас ӧкмыс 1000 сюрс
10 дас 20th кызь

syntax

Phrase

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hausenberg 1998, page 305f.
  2. ^ Chapter Consonant Inventories ( English ) WALS. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  3. ↑ Chapter Vowel Quality Inventories ( English ) WALS. Retrieved June 13, 2019.

literature

Grammars

  • Anu-Reet Hausenberg: Komi. In: Daniel Abondolo (Ed.) The Uralic Languages. Routledge, London 1998, ISBN 0-415-08198-X , ( Routledge language family descriptions ), pp. 305-326.
  • Károly Rédei : Syrian Chrestomathy With Grammar And Glossary. Studia Uralica 1, Association of Austrian Scientific Societies, Vienna 1978.
  • Wiedemann, Ferdinand Johann. 1884. Grammar of the Syrian language with consideration of its dialects and Votyak. St. Petersburg: Eggers & Co: J. Glasunow.

Dictionaries

Web links

Wikipedia on Komi