Tüsiyetü Khan Gombodorz

The Tüsiyetü Khan Gombodorz (died 1655 ) (also: Gömbodorji, Mongolian Түшээт хан Гомбодорж , ruled 1594–1655) was a Khan of the Khalka Mongols who was confronted with the inexorable rise of the Manchu Empire .

Together with Chechen Khan Soloj , he sent eight white horses and a white camel (the "Nine Whites") to the Manchu ruler Huang Taiji from 1636 and thus paid a symbolic tribute. After the Manchu conquered China in 1644 and 1645, his envoys gave large numbers to horses in anticipation of the gifts customary at the imperial court.

In 1640 he appeared at the great meeting of princes on the Imil River (or in the Tarbagatai area), where forty-four princes tried to establish a common policy. Present were u. a. the Jasaktu-Khan Suvdaj and the sons of Chechen Khan Soloj (both Khalka), Erdeni Ba'atur Qungtayiji from the Jungars, Gushri Khan from the Choschuten and Khu Urluk from the Torguten (all three Oirat ) as well as representatives of the Dalai Lama .

In 1646 a Mongolian son-in-law of the Manchu emperor fled with his people to the Chechen Khan Soloj, which led to war with the emperor. The troops of Gombodorz (who had raised 20,000 men) and Soloy opposed the Manchu and suffered defeat. Despite the success, the Manchu considered a continuation of the war at this point in time (the supporters of the overthrown Ming dynasty in China, for example, still did not give up defeat) because they had difficulties with logistics. In 1648 the khans offered peace, but rejected the Manchu (sons as hostages) conditions. Instead Soloj exchanged envoys with the tsarist empire (1647/8).

He was succeeded in 1655 by Caqundorji , who submitted to the Manchus by taking the hostages he wanted. There could be no question of a real annexation of the Khalka to the Manchu Empire until Caqundorji's defeat against the Djungarian prince Khungtaidschi Galdan in 1688 and the subsequent ceremony in Dolon Nur in 1691.

Remarks

1. ↑ In the 17th century the Khalka were divided into four large groups from the descendants of Dayan Khan's son Geresenje (d. 1549): those of the Tüsiyetü, Chechen, Jasaktu and Altan Khan . With the Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu Dsanabadsar there was also a religious authority whose word applied to all four groups. The first Tüsiyetü Khan Abdai received his title from the Dalai Lama in 1587, and his younger brother received the title Sajn Noyan . Only then did the other Khalka leaders make themselves khan. The descent of Gombodorz was as follows: Dayan Khan - Geresenje - Nunuqu (* 1534) - Abdai Khan - Gombodorz.

literature

• Udo B. Barkmann: History of Mongolia or the "Mongolian Question". The Mongols on their way to their own nation-state . Bouvier, Bonn 1999, ISBN 3-416-02853-8 .
• Michael Weiers (Ed.): The Mongols. Contributions to their history and culture . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1986, ISBN 3-534-03579-8 .