Huang Taiji

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Huang Taiji

Huáng Tàijí ( Chinese  皇太極 , Pinyin Huáng Tàijí , also Hungtaiji or Abahai ; era names : Tiancong and Chongde , temple name : Tàizōng 太宗; Manchurian Hong Taiji ᡥᠣᠩ
ᡨᠠᡳᠵᡳ, as the era name Apkai Sure ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᠰᡠᠷᡝ) (* November 28, 1592 ; † September 21, 1643 ) was a Manchurian tribal leader who became Khan of the Later Jin Dynasty from 1626 and was raised to Emperor of the Qing Dynasty in 1636 . He expanded Manchuria and died shortly before taking power in Beijing .

For his family he introduced the name Qing ("pure"), which from 1644 to 1911/12 became the name of the imperial dynasty led by the Manchu .

Life

Hong Taiji was the eighth son of Nurhacis (1559-1626). After the death of his father, he first eliminated his brother rivals to consolidate his own power.

In 1627/28 repeated bad harvests had caused a famine in China. There were peasant revolts, which threatened the existence of the Ming dynasty . Hong Taiji took advantage of them, consolidated his power in Manchuria up to the Amur , over Korea and Mongolia and advanced as far as Beijing in 1629.

Hong Taiji also came into conflict with the Mongol nominal ruler Ligdan Khan when several of his tribal groups defected to him. 1632–1634 Ligdan Khan and his Chaqar were expelled, so that Hong Taiji then had many Mongols behind him.

Hong Taiji officially changed the name of the Jurchen people to Manchu in 1635 and in 1636, on the recommendation of his Chinese advisers, his dynasty name from Jin to Qing.

Hong Taiji's success in expanding his empire was largely due to his exceptional skills as a military leader. He invaded Inner Mongolia and Korea with his armies and made the countries vassals of the Manchu. With the additional money and food from Korea and the troops and horses gained from the Mongols, he perfected the military system of the eight banners . After four military expeditions he finally occupied the Amur region controlled by Evenks . He overcame the Great Wall of China three times to launch attacks in northern China, the last time in 1642, when the Ming were so weakened by the peasant revolts of Li Zicheng (李自成) (1606–1645) and Zhang Xianzhong (1606–1647) that the Manchu in central China were weakened were able to advance as far as Shandong , conquering 94 cities or forcing them to surrender and remaining victorious in 39 battles.

As more and more Chinese people were captured and served in the Manchu, the government was able to copy the organizational structure of the Chinese. It fell to other talented Chinese such as B. Hong Chengchou (洪承畴) (1593–1665) easy to defend against.

When Hong Taiji died on September 21, 1643, his brothers Dorgon and Dsirgalang took over the government for the six-year-old Emperor Fulin ( Shunzhi , 1643–1661, the ninth son of Hong Taiji) and continued his policy with determination. On May 13, 1644, Dorgon's army set out for Beijing, which was occupied that same year.

Government currencies

  • 1627–1636 abkai sure ,ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
    ᠰᡠᡵᡝ    , Chinese  天 聰 , Pinyin Tiāncōng "wisdom of heaven"
  • 1636–1643 wesihun erdemungge ᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠨ
    ᡝᡵᡩᡝᠮᡠᠩᡤᡝ    , Chinese  崇德 , Pinyin Chóngdé " Exalted Virtue"

literature

Web links

Commons : Hong Taiji  - Collection of Images, Videos, and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ only in western literature, the name is now considered outdated
  2. ↑ a b c d Abahai . In: Encyclopædia Britannica .
predecessor Office successor
Nurhaci Khan Jin
1626 - 1636
predecessor Office successor
Nurhaci (posthumous) Emperor of the Manchu
1636 - 1643 		Shunzhi
personal data
SURNAME Huang Taiji
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Abahai; Hung Taiji
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Emperor of China
DATE OF BIRTH November 28, 1592
DATE OF DEATH September 21, 1643