Tacuinum sanitatis

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Ibn Butlan (left) and two of his students (Wiener Tacuinum fol. 4)
Farmer at the melon harvest (Wiener Tacuinum fol. 21)
Old cheese. So-called. Parisian Tacuinum, perhaps southwest Germany between 1434 and 1450 (Paris BNF, Ms. Latin 9333, fol. 58v)

Tacuinum sanitatis (in medicina) is the name of several medieval picture codes ( Tacuina sanitatis ) in Vienna , Paris , Rome and Liège , which represent a health regime (Regimen sanitatis) in the form of a synoptic table work. Its basis is the work Taqwim as-sihha  /تقويم الصحة / taqwīm aṣ-ṣiḥḥa from the 11th century by the Nestorian doctor Ibn Butlan . Taqwim as-sihha (taken from Latin as Tacuinum sanitatis ) means "tabular overview of health", since the pages in the Arabic original are divided into regular fields. Since this is reminiscent of a chessboard, the first German edition was given the title Schachtafelen der Gesuntheyt .

In this regime, which mediates health rules, Ibn Butlan compares the objects of sex res non naturales with their properties in tabular form, resulting in a clear reference work for questions about a healthy lifestyle.

Issues and content

King Manfred of Sicily (1258–1266) commissioned a Latin translation of Taqwîm al-sihha from Arabic in Palermo . From 1380, Giovannino de 'Grassi illustrated an abridged version in northern Italy. The 169 pictures are pen and ink drawings, some of which are partially or entirely in watercolors . Compared to these elegantly and skilfully executed drawings, the other versions from the end of the 14th century appear much coarser. The place of storage is the Liège University Library.

The Vienna Tacuinum (Hs. 2644) was created at the end of the 14th century in Lombardy , perhaps in Verona . According to the coat of arms on fol. 3v the codex was owned by the Cerruti family from Verona. Count Ludwig I of Württemberg-Urach was one of the later owners . This edition, along with two others from the 15th century, is now kept in the Austrian National Library and is known as the house book of the Cerruti .

Subsequently emerged parallel manuscripts dating back to the so-called. Viennese edition, about the so-called Paris Tacuinum sanitatis which probably 1,434 to 1,450 in southwest Germany for Count Ludwig I of Württemberg-Urach emerged and now in the National Bibliothèque de France is .

Some illustrations of the Tacuina sanitatis tradition come from Codex Palatinus 586 , a version of Circa instans , others can be found in Codex Casanatensis 459 , a version of Circa instans derived from it.

The manuscripts are less aimed at a specialist audience than are intended as house books. Its content is based on ancient and medieval humoral pathology and explains which foods, conditions of the human environment and states of mind (anger, joy etc.) the Stoicheia have "dry", "damp", "cold" and "warm" and for which groups of people and in what areas they are useful. Garlic, for example, is "warm" and "dry" and produces "coarse and hot juices". It is useful against scorpion and snake bites, as well as against worms. It is recommended for weakened people and in cold areas. The autumn season, on the other hand, is "moderately cold in the 2nd degree" and increases "melancholy juices". This can be remedied with baths. It would be of use to children and young people in warm and humid areas.

In addition to a detailed, illustrated collection of recipes, the codices rediscovered between 1895 and 1905 contain advice on health, as well as interesting facts about plants and agriculture.

Comparisons

In its imagery, the Roman manuscript primarily focuses on the plant , similar to illustrations in a herb book , while the Paris edition depicts the courtly and the Viennese manuscript (the “Cerutti house book”) rather genre-like bourgeois life.

  • Gaudia (joy). Liège, Hs. 1041, around 1380

  • Gaudia. Vienna, ser. nov. 2644 to 1390

  • Gaudia. Biblioteca Casanatense , Rome (15th century)

  • Turtures (lovebirds) Vienna, ser. nov. 2644 to 1390

  • Turtures. Biblioteca Casanatense, Rome (15th century)

See also

Printed editions

  • Tacuini sanitatis Elluchasem Elimithar medici de Baldath de sex rebus non naturalibus, earum naturis, operationibus et rectificationibus […] recens exarati. Hans Schott, Strasbourg 1531.

literature

  • Franz Unterkircher (ed.): The house book of the Cerruti: Facsimile. Graz 1966.
  • Tacuinum sanitatis in medicina: Codex Vindobonensis series nova 2644 of the Austrian National Library. I – II, annotated, transcribed and translated into German by Franz Unterkircher, with an English translation of the Latin text by Heide Saxer and Charles H. Talbot. Graz 1967 (=  Codices selecti phototypice impressi. 6-6 *).
  • The house book of the Cerruti based on the manuscript of the Austrian National Library. Translation from the Latin and epilogue by Franz Unterkircher, Dortmund 1979; 2nd edition ibid. 1989 (=  Die bibliophilen Taschenbücher , 130).
  • Tacuinum sanitatis in medicina - Highlights of Book Art , Volume 13. Commentary by Franz Unterkircher. Academic Printing and Publishing Company, Graz 2004, ISBN 3-201-01831-7 .
  • Tacuinum Sanitatis. The book of health. Edited by Luisa Cogliati Arano, with an introduction by Heinrich Schipperges and Wolfram Schmitt, Munich 1976.
  • Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , pp. 134–138 and 242.
  • Joachim Rössl, Heinz Konrad (ed.): Tacuinum Sanitatis. Codex Vind. 2396. Graz 1984 (=  Codices Selecti , 78).
  • Medicina Magica - Metaphysical healing methods in late antique and medieval manuscripts. 2nd edition, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1978, ISBN 3-201-01077-4 .
  • Wolfram Schmitt: 'Tacuinum sanitatis'. In: Werner E. Gerabek u. a. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of medical history. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1377 f.

Web links

Wikisource: Taqwim es-sihha  - Sources and full texts
Commons : Tacuinum sanitatis  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Tacuinum sanitatis in medicina. Codex Vindobonensis Series nova 2644 of the Austrian National Library, Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt 2004 Commentary p. 7 (Name, attachment and author of the complete work) ISBN 3-201-01831-7
  2. ↑ Ibn Butlān, Ibn Dschezla: Chess boards of health. Translated and expanded by Michael Herr, reprint of the Strasbourg edition (Hans Schott) 1533, with an afterword by Marlit Leber and Elfriede Starke, Weinheim an der Bergstrasse 1988, especially pp. 3–12.
  3. ↑ Ernest Wickersheimer : Les Tacuini Sanitatis et leur traduction anglaise par Michael Herr. Geneva 1950 (= Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance , XII).
  4. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , p. 134 f.
  5. ^ Tacuinum sanitatis in medicina. Commentary on p. 10 (The text and image versions of the Tacuinum)
  6. ↑ Catalog entry of the ÖNB Vienna
  7. ↑ Facsimile: Tacuinum sanitatis. Edición facsímíl del Tacuinum sanitatis cuyo original se conserva en la Bibliothèque nationale de France en París, bajo la signatura Ms. Lat. 9333 , Alain Touwaide, Eberhard König, Carlos Miranda García-Tejedor [trad.], Barcelona 2007–2009. About the manuscript: Otto Pächt: A rediscovered Tacuinum Sanitatis manuscript . In: Munich Year Book of Fine Arts [3. Episode] 3/4 (1952/53), pp. 172–180.
  8. ↑ Elena Berti-Toesca: Il Tacuinum Sanitatis della Biblioteca Nazionale di Parigi. Bergamo 1937.
  9. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , p. 242.
  10. ^ Tacuinum sanitatis in medicina. Commentary on p. 66 (transcription and German translation)
  11. ↑ Tacuinum sanitatis in medicina, comment p. 92
  12. ↑ Julius von Schlosser : A Veronese picture book and the courtly art of the XIV century. In: Yearbook of the Art History Collections of the allerh. Imperial house. (Vienna) 1895, pp. 144-230.