Thaumastocoris peregrinus

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Thaumastocoris peregrinus
Thaumastocoris peregrinus San Fernando Valley 2016-06-08 (3) .jpg

Thaumastocoris peregrinus

Systematics
Subordination : Bed bugs (heteroptera)
Partial order : Cimicomorpha
Superfamily : Miroidea
Family : Thaumastocoridae
Genre : Thaumastocoris
Type : Thaumastocoris peregrinus
Scientific name
Thaumastocoris peregrinus
Carpintero & Dellapé , 2006

Thaumastocoris peregrinus is a plant-sucking bug from the Thaumastocoridae family, which is normally distributed in the southern hemisphere. The species was introduced to Africa , South America and also into the European Mediterranean area ( Neozoon ). It is considered an economically important forest pest on Eucalyptus species.

features

The bug reaches a body length between 2 and 3.5 millimeters. The long-oval body in plan view is strongly flattened dorsoventrally . It is predominantly light brown in color and shiny. Dark or black is a central spot on the posterior half of the pronotum , the tip of the third and the apical half of the fourth (last) antenna segment . The front edge of the pronotum as well as the inner half of the clavus and the outer half of the corium of the hemielytras are whitish. The membrane of the hemielytres is matt white with a narrow dark border on the border with the corium.

As is typical for the family, the head of the species has wide-handled complex eyes. To the front, between the antennae, two elongated plates, the mandibular plates, protrude far beyond the tip of the clypeus . The proboscis is very short and reaches the front edge of the fuselage when put back. The pronotum is prominently incised on the sides, the anterior lateral lobe has a tubercle on each of the anterior corners (characteristic of the species).

Both sexes are similar in body shape. The females, like all species in the family, do not carry ovipositor or ovipositor . In the male, an asymmetrical genital capsule, opened to the right, is noticeable at the rear end, the paramers protruding to the right are almost square. In addition, the male has three short, black-colored spines on the inside near the tip of the anterior and middle tibia .

In Europe, the species is unmistakable as the only representative of the Thaumastocoridae. The other species of the genus, all of which only live in Australia, are very similar in shape and way of life.

Life cycle

The species can occur all year round without a diapause . It has five larval or nymph stages. The eggs are dark brown and oval, about 0.5 millimeters long and 0.2 millimeters wide, they are laid by the female individually, but mostly in groups or clutches on the underside of the leaf, or on twigs, fruits and other rough surfaces. The nymphs that hatch after about six days are predominantly orange in color, with a red spot in the middle of the abdomen and striking red eyes. All nymph stages, from hatching from the egg to the adult, are passed through in 14 to 20 days. Due to this short development period, the species can go through numerous generations per year ( polyvoltin ). Females can lay around 40 eggs around 5 to 7 days after conversion, the lifespan of the adults is usually around 14 to 15 days under favorable conditions, but can reach up to 40 days.

Biology and way of life

Thaumastocoris peregrinus lives oligophagous on different species of the genus Eucalyptus from the subgenera Eucalyptus , Corymbia and Symphyomyrtus . At least thirty species of the genus serve as hosts , including blue eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globulus ), red eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis ) and some of the hybrids grown commercially on a large scale in plantations . In Australia, Eucalyptus scoparia and Eucalyptus nicholii are the main hosts. Almost all forestry important eucalyptus species outside of Australia are accepted as hosts. Imagines and nymphs live (sociable gregär ), they intersucking the leaves and young twigs. The leaves initially become whitish chlorotic as a result of sucking , later they develop a characteristic brownish bronze sheen; this gave the species the common English name “ bronze bug ”. Eventually the leaves wither and fall off.

Due to the damage to the leaves, the species can cause growth losses or even the death of entire trees and is one of the most important pests of eucalyptus in the regions with new occurrences since its immigration . It is just one of several species that have invaded exotic eucalyptus plantations from Australia in the past two decades .

distribution

The species is native to Australia, but from there it has been introduced by humans to different regions. It was first found in South Africa in 2003 , then in Argentina in 2005 . From the places of introduction it spread rapidly to other neighboring regions with eucalyptus cultivation. In Africa it reached Zimbabwe in 2007 and Malawi in 2008 . In South America, it was found from Brazil from 2008 (first near the São Paulo airport , which suggests that it was introduced by air freight), and Uruguay, and in 2009 in Chile . According to genetic data, the animals presumably come from the Brisbane region (Australia), and at least three independent carryover events with different haplotypes are assumed from there. Since 2011 she has also been reported from New Zealand.

In Europe, the first records come from July 2011 in the area of ​​Rome (Italy). It later spread to Lazio, Tuscany and Campania. In 2014 the island of Sicily was reached. Since April 2012 it has also been proven for Portugal. The species was also detected in Spain (2014) and Albania (2016).

The potential area of ​​the species was modeled using the climatic data. It showed that a further spread in both Africa and South America is highly likely. The cultivation areas of eucalyptus that the species has not yet reached , for example in North America (California) and East Asia (China), probably even all regions with eucalyptus cultivation, would probably be suitable as habitats .

Curiously, this Australian species was first discovered in South America and from there described . After the introduction to Argentina, scientists there discovered that it was not, as previously thought, the species Thaumatocoris australis , but a new species. It was only later discovered that not only the South African animals, but also those that had undergone mass reproduction ( gradation ) with forest damage a few years earlier in Australia , actually belong to the new species.

Web links

Commons : Thaumastocoris peregrinus  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Diego Leonardo Carpintero & Pablo Matias Dellapé (2006): A new species of Thaumastocoris Kirkaldy from Argentina (Heteroptera: Thaumastocoridae: Thaumastocorinae). Zootaxa 1228: 61-68.
  2. ↑ Ann E. Noack, Gerasimos Cassis, Harley A. Rose (2011): Systematic revision of Thaumastocoris Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Thaumastocoridae). Zootaxa 3121: 1-60.
  3. ↑ Everton Pires Soliman, Carlos F. Wilcken, Jaqueline M. Pereira, Thaíse KR Dias, Bruno Zaché, Mário HFA Dal Pogetto, Leonardo R. Barbosa (2012): Biology of Thaumastocoris peregrinus in different eucalyptus species and hybrids. Phytoparasitica 40: 223-230. doi : 10.1007 / s12600-012-0226-4
  4. ↑ Gonzalo Martinez, Lesly López, Gissel Cantero, Andrés González, Marcel Dicke (2014): Life-history analysis of Thaumastocoris peregrinus in a newly designed mass rearing strategy. Bulletin of Insectology 67 (2): 199-205.
  5. ↑ AE Noack & HARose (2007): Life-history of Thaumastocoris peregrinus and Thaumastocoris sp. in the laboratory with some observations on behavior. General and Applied Entomology 36: 27-33.
  6. ↑ Timothy D. Paine, Martin J. Steinbauer, Simon A. Lawson (2011): Native and Exotic Pests of Eucalyptus: A Worldwide Perspective. Annual Revue of Entomology 56: 181-201. doi : 10.1146 / annurev-ento-120709-144817
  7. ↑ Carlos Federico Wilcken, Everton Pires Soliman, Luiz Alexandre Nogueira de Sá, Leonardo Rodrigues Barbosa, Thaíse Karla Ribeiro Dias, Pedro Jose Ferreira-Filho, Ricardo Jose Rodrigues Oliveira (2010): Bronze Bug Thaumastocoris Peregrinus Carpintero and Dellapé (Hemiptera: Thaumastocor Dellapé) on Eucalyptus in Brazil and its Distribution. Journal of Plant Protection Research 50 (2): 201-205. doi : 10.2478 / v10045-010-0034-0
  8. ↑ RL Nadel, B. Slippers, MC Scholes, SA Lawson, AE Noack, CF Wilcken, JP Bouvet, MJ Wingfield (2010): DNA bar-coding reveals source and patterns of Thaumastocoris peregrinus invasions in South Africa and South America. Biological Invasions 12: 1067-1077. doi : 10.1007 / s10530-009-9524-2
  9. ↑ S. Sopow & S. George (2012): Bronze bug, Thaumastocoris peregrinus: a new eucalyptus pest in New Zealand. Surveillance (Wellington) 39 (2): 43-46.
  10. ↑ Attilio Carapezza (2014): The arrival of one more Eucalyptus pest in Sicily: Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Hemiptera Heteroptera Thaumastocoridae). Naturalista siciliano 38 (1): 127-129.
  11. ↑ André Garcia, Elisabete Figeiredo, Carlos Valente, Victor J.Monserrat, Manuela Branco (2013): First record of Thaumastocoris peregrinus in Portugal and of the neotropical predator Hemerobius bolivari Europe. Bulletin of Insectology 66 (2): 251-256.
  12. ↑ Torsten van der Heyden (2017): The first record of Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero & Dellapé, 2006 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Thaumastocoridae) for Albania. Revista gaditana de Entomología VIII (1): 133-135.
  13. ^ Sara I. Montemayor, Pablo M. Dellapé, María C. Melo (2014): Geographical distribution modeling of the bronze bug: a worldwide invasion. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 17 (2): 129-137. doi : 10.1111 / afe.12088