Fan-shaped earth wart fungus
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Fan-shaped earth wart fungus ( Thelephora terrestris ) |
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| Honor : Fr. |
The inedible fan-shaped or common terrestrial wart fungus ( Thelephora terrestris ) is a type of fungus from the family of the wart fungus relatives (Thelephoraceae). The brown to blackish and mostly pale-rimmed fruit bodies are circular to fan-shaped and fibrous and tough. They smell weakly earthy to strongly sour and usually appear in the coniferous forest from July to December.
features
Macroscopic features
The often membranous, thin fruiting bodies are 2–4 (6) cm wide and 3 (5) cm high. They are rosette to semi-rosette, fan-shaped, round, shell-shaped or flat, funnel-shaped and mostly divided into individual, protruding lobes that overlap like roof tiles. The fruiting bodies are often sessile or have only a hint of a small stem and then lie flat on the substrate. The upper side is coarse-tomentose to curly and concentrically zoned. It is dark to rust brown and in old specimens almost blackish. The edge is curly to ciliate, whitish when young and also later mostly much lighter in color. The wrinkled or wrinkled underside with the fruit layer is brown or purple-brown and has fine, regularly distributed warmths. The tough, leathery, gray-brownish flesh is 2–3 mm thick and smells faintly earthy to strongly sour. It doesn't taste very characteristic but not pleasant. The spore powder is brown-purple.
Microscopic features
The elliptical-angular spores, irregular in outline, are 8-10 µm long and 7-8 µm wide. They are covered with angular, irregularly distributed warts. In the middle you can often see a large drop of oil.
Species delimitation
Despite its variability, the ground wart fungus can hardly be confused with other fungi. The somewhat obtrusive, earthy to sour smell is quite typical, which occurs in several species within the genus. For example, the clove-shaped wart fungus ( Thelephora caryophyllea ) has this characteristic odor. This differs, however, by its clearly stalked fruiting bodies and by its funnel-shaped slit hat. The smelly leather coral ( T. palmata ), which occurs in the same locations, is more reminiscent of a coral mushroom, and it also smells very noticeably of rotting cabbage. Their spurs are spiked.
ecology
The warty fungus lives as a mycorrhizal fungus or saprobiont in acidic beech-fir, spruce-fir and spruce forests. It is particularly common in spruce forests and on acidic heaths. It can also be found much less often in pine forests and forests and occasionally it also grows on periodically drying up high moor edges, on clearings and on sandy forest paths. The fungus prefers or needs soils that are poor in bases and nutrients and moderately dry to moderately moist.
The fruiting bodies, which can be found all year round, usually appear in small or larger groups from July to November. Entire colonies often grow on the ground and on the needle litter, especially in open and clear places. Obstacles such as branches, stalks or stalks, but also seedlings and young plants of forest trees are often overgrown and grown over. This often leads to their death through suffocation. The fungus is rarely found on rotten stumps, and only in the final phase. The typical and by far the most common mycorrhizal partner of the fungus is the spruce. But other conifers can also be used as companion trees. With decreasing frequency, these are: pine, fir and larch. It is only found in exceptional cases in beech trees. The fungus is also a rare symbiotic partner of lichens.
distribution
The earth wart fungus is widespread almost worldwide. It has been found in North America (Canada, Mexico, USA), Asia (Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia), North Africa (Morocco), South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Europe. The fungus is probably spread across Europe. It may be less common in southern Europe, while it is common and widespread across central Europe.
meaning
Due to the tough, leathery structure and the rather unpleasant taste, the warty mushroom is out of the question as an edible mushroom. For a long time it had a reputation for being a forest pest, as it can suffocate the young trees when it occurs in large numbers in young coniferous woodland. Overall, however, as a mycorrhizal fungus, it is more useful than harmful to conifers.
Web links
- Wolfgang Bachmeier: Fan-shaped earth wart fungus (Thelephora terrestris). In: www.123pilze.de / pilzseite.de. Retrieved January 14, 2014 .
- Paul Kirk: Thelephora terrestris. In: Species Fungorum. Retrieved January 14, 2014 .
- Thelephora terrestris. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed January 14, 2014 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Ewald Gerhardt: Röhrlinge, Porlinge, Bauchpilze, culverts and others . In: mushrooms. Spectrum of nature, BLV intensive guide . tape 2 . BLV, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1985, ISBN 3-405-12965-6 , p. 97 .
- ↑ a b c Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos mushroom atlas . 1st edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 224 .
- ↑ a b c d Karin Monday: Fan-shaped earth-wart fungus Thelephora terrestris In the virtual mushroom book. In: All about mushrooms: The Tintling . Retrieved January 14, 2014 .
- ↑ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.): Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 1: General Part. Stand mushrooms: jelly, bark, prick and pore mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3528-0 , p. 398.
- ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF]).
- ^ Torbjørn Borgen, Steen A. Elborne and Henning Knudsen: Arctic and Alpine Mycology . Ed .: David Boertmann and Henning Knudsen. tape 6 . Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006, ISBN 978-87-635-1277-0 , A checklist of the Greenland basidiomycetes, p. 37–59 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Thelephora terrestris. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014 ; accessed on January 14, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
- ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . In: Acta Botanica Croatica . 2009 (English, PDF, 1.6MB ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed on January 14, 2014]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Grid map of Thelephora terrestris. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved January 14, 2014 .
- ↑ Thelephora terrestris. Pilzoek database, accessed January 14, 2014 .
- ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Thelephora terrestris Ehrh. ex Ms. Fungi of Ukraine. In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. Retrieved January 14, 2014 .
