Torpedo boat 1935
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| Class details |
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| Ship type: | Torpedo boat |
| Period of service: | 1939-1953 / 54 |
| Units: | 12 |
| Construction costs per unit: | 7.8–8.8 million Reichsmarks |
| Technical specifications | |
| Length: |
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| Width: | 8.62 m |
| Draft: | 2.57 meters |
| Displacement: |
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| Drive: |
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| Speed: | 35 kn |
| Range: | 1070 nm at 19 kn |
| Crew: | 119 men |
| Armament upon commissioning: |
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The 1935 torpedo boat was a class of twelve torpedo boats in the Kriegsmarine .
draft
Article 8a of the 1930 Naval Treaty allowed any number of surface combat ships to be built with less than 600 ts (610 t) displacement. Taking advantage of this clause, a boat class was to be developed that had better sea characteristics and a greater range than S-boats for use in the North Sea and Baltic Sea , without consuming part of the limited tonnage quota for destroyers . The optimistic assumption to develop a usable design with the required performance values and features even with an upper limit of 600 ts turned out to be a mistake quite early on. The final draft, with a standard displacement of over 840 ts, was a good 40 percent above the 600 ts limit and would therefore have been counted towards the destroyer tonnage, which , in violation of the contract, did not prevent the Reichsmarine from continuing to specify the boats at 600 ts .
In addition to strong torpedo armament and a low silhouette, high speed was required for the torpedo attack. In order to achieve this, the boats were equipped with a high-pressure, superheated steam propulsion system, which was still new at the time, just like the destroyer type used in 1934 . Here, too, the systems were prone to failure, mainly because their performance capacity had to be fully exploited in order to achieve the projected speeds. The cramped conditions on the smaller boats made repairs and maintenance even more difficult.
The main weapon should be the torpedo , since the classic torpedo boat tactics were considered to be the most suitable for the Baltic Sea. For this purpose, two triple torpedo sets of 53.3 cm caliber were installed amidships. The only 10.5 cm gun was positioned at the stern, as it could be used most effectively there when retreating after a torpedo attack. In addition, there were only a few anti-aircraft guns and the opportunity to lay mines, with the damming of the mines blocking the 10.5 cm gun. In this interpretation, the boats were unsuitable for anything other than torpedo attacks; There was little space for any extensions due to the already unfavorable weight distribution.
In order not to exceed the tonnage limit, the hull was built very lightly. The structure, which is therefore very weak, was reflected in poor sea properties. The sea mines could only be used when the sea was light. Despite the high freeboard and a chine at the bow, the boat was quickly fogged by a lot of splash water in rough seas, which made navigating the ship considerably more difficult. As a result, longer docking times were necessary to repair the problems, which is why the boats were only fully operational towards the end of 1940. The serious problems of the torpedo boats in 1935 made them more or less useless for military service, which is why they were used for training purposes or even temporarily went out of service. The completion of the very similar successors, the torpedo boats in 1937 , was delayed for years in order to remedy some of the problems that were identified while construction was still in progress.
history
The torpedo boats T 1 to T 4 were commissioned from F. Schichau ( Elbing ) on November 16, 1935 . T 5 , T 6 , T 7 and T 8 followed on January 15, 1936 at AG Weser ( Deschimag ) in Bremen; the delivery dates were between December 1938 and June 1939. The last four boats were ordered on August 29, 1938: T 9 and T 10 near Schichau; T 11 and T 12 at Deschimag. The first boat to be launched was the T 5 in November 1937. T 12 was the last boat in the series in April 1939.
period of service
As the 1st and 2nd torpedo boat flotilla, the boats carried out missions in the Skagerrak and the North Sea until they were moved to France in September 1940 . During the missions in France the T 2 and T 11 were damaged, the T 3 sank, but could later be repaired. Soon afterwards the boats were relocated to Germany for a short time. This was followed by assignments with the Weser Exercise Company , the occupation of Denmark and Norway in April 1940. The 1st flotilla was then disbanded and their boats joined the 2nd flotilla. In August 1941 some of them took part in the attack on the Soviet Union . Boats of the flotilla took part in February 1942 as escort in the so-called "Canal breakthrough" of Scharnhorst , Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen through the English Channel . Some of the boats continued to operate off France and Norway; they followed the remaining units in the Baltic Sea until mid-1943, where they were mainly used for training purposes at the torpedo school.
In 1944 the boats of the 2nd Flotilla were used again for escort duties in the eastern Baltic Sea. T 2 and T 7 sank in an air raid in the summer of 1944 in the "AG Weser" shipyard in Bremen, T 10 shared this fate in Gotenhafen . T 3 and T 5 sank in March 1945 after being hit by mines, T 1 was also sunk in the shipyard by bomb hits. The T 8 and T 9 were self- scuttled by their crews on May 3, 1945 in the Kiel Fjord .
The boats T 4 , T 11 and T 12 , which remained intact at the end of the war , went to the victors as reparations , although only T 12 was put back into service in the Soviet Navy .
technical description
Hull and superstructure
The overall length was 84.3 meters, in the waterline 82.16 meters, with a width of 8.62 meters and an average draft of 2.57 meters. With these dimensions, a type displacement of 844 ts was achieved, the operational displacement was 1,088 ts. The welded hull in transverse rib and longitudinal band construction was divided into twelve watertight compartments. The superstructure was largely made of light metals.
drive
The four Wagner boilers with a pressure of 70 atmospheres at 460 ° C supplied the steam for the 28,000 PS / 31,000 PSw Wagner geared turbine system. They acted through two shafts on the two propellers with a diameter of 2.6 meters. During the test drives, an average of 35.5 to 36 kn were achieved. 205 m³ of oil should enable a driving range of 1070 nm at 19 kn. Two turbo generators with 52 kW each and a 60 kW diesel generator supplied the electricity for on-board operation. The bow area was designed as a hard chine .
Conversions
At the beginning of the war, the boats were given a longer bow, a so-called Atlantic bow, to reduce the moisture on deck. The total length increased to 87.1 meters. In addition, the rear mast was shortened and provided with sloping legs.
Further reconstruction measures included, above all, increasing the anti-aircraft armament. For the escort duties on the occasion of the Cerberus company, the weak anti-aircraft armament was increased by replacing the rear torpedo set with a 2 cm anti-aircraft gun, and a 2 cm bow gun was added on some boats. In mid-1942 the torpedo tube set came on board again, and the Flakvierling was housed on the rear deckhouse, in addition two, and on some boats three additional 2-cm single mounts.
The boats did not receive any further modifications until later in the war, as only then did they return to intensive front service. This is also borne out by the late equipment with radio measuring devices, i.e. active radar in 1945. The planned reinforcement of the anti-aircraft armament was also only carried out gradually until November 1944.
Exemplary the anti-aircraft armament of the T 11 at the end of the war: a 4 cm bow gun, two 3.7 cm guns, one of which replaced the aft torpedo tube set, a 2 cm gun in quadruple carriage amidships on the deckhouse, two 2- cm guns in double mount in the bridge nocks, two 2 cm guns in double mount behind the funnel and 21 8.6 cm rocket launchers.
units
T 1
- Shipyard: F. Schichau, Elbing / Ostpr.
- Keel laying: November 14, 1936
- Launched: February 19, 1938
- Commissioning: December 1, 1939
- Destiny: Sunk after a bomb hit by American bombers in the shipyard in Kiel on April 9, 1945, 10:30 p.m. The wreck was scrapped after April 20th.
T 2
T 2 sank on July 29, 1944, then was lifted again.
- Shipyard: F. Schichau, Elbing / Ostpr.
- Keel laying: November 14, 1936
- Launched: April 7, 1938
- Commissioning: December 9, 1939
- Destiny: Scrapped in 1946
T 3
T 3 sank on September 18, 1940 during a night raid in Le Havre after being hit by a bomb. In 1943 the boat was lifted, repaired and put back into service on December 12, 1943.
- Shipyard: F.Schichau, Elbing
- Keel laying: November 14, 1936
- Launched: June 23, 1938
- Commissioning: April 3, 1940
- Destiny: sunk on March 14, 1945
T 4
- Shipyard: F.Schichau, Elbing
- Keel laying: 29. December 1936
- Launched: April 15, 1938
- Commissioning: May 27, 1940
- Destiny: assigned to the United States on January 9, 1952 scrapped
T 5
- Shipyard: Deschimag, Bremen
- Keel laid: December 30, 1936
- Launched: November 22, 1937
- Commissioning: January 23, 1940
- Fate: sank after a mine hit at Hela on March 14, 1945
T 6
- Shipyard: Deschimag, Bremen
- Keel laid: January 3, 1937
- Launched: December 16, 1937
- Commissioning: April 30, 1940
- Fate of a mine at Aberdeen on 57 ° 8 ' N , 1 ° 58' O sunk with the loss of 48 men on November 7, 1940 at 12:15
T 7
- Shipyard: Deschimag, Bremen
- Keel laying: August 20, 1937
- Launched: June 18, 1938
- Commissioning: December 20, 1939
- Fate: Sunk in an air raid on July 29, 1944 in the Deschimag shipyard in Bremen, lifted on October 25; There were no repairs, scrapping between 1947 and 1949
T 8
- Shipyard: Deschimag, Bremen
- Keel laid: August 28, 1937
- Launched: August 10, 1938
- Commissioning: October 8, 1939
- Fate: sunk in the Kiel Fjord on May 3, 1945
T 9
- Shipyard: F.Schichau, Elbing
- Keel laying: November 24, 1936
- Launched: November 3rd, 1938
- Commissioned: July 4th 1940
- Fate: sunk on May 3, 1945
T 10
- Shipyard: F.Schichau, Elbing
- Keel laying: November 24, 1936
- Launched: 1939
- Commissioning: August 5, 1940
- Fate: Destroyed by British bombs on December 18, 1944 in the floating dock in Gotenhafen
T 11
- Shipyard: Deschimag, Bremen
- Keel laid: July 1, 1938
- Launched: March 1, 1939
- Commissioning: May 24, 1940
- Fate: Assigned to France, renamed Bir Hakeim , but not reinstated, scrapped in October 1951
T 12
- Shipyard: Deschimag, Bremen
- Keel laid: August 20, 1938
- Launched: April 12, 1939
- Commissioning: July 3, 1940
- Fate: taken over by the Soviet Navy and renamed Podviznyi, renamed Kit in 1954 , sunk in Lake Ladoga in 1959 after atomic and chemical tests , lifted in 1991 and sunk in deep water
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Harald Fock: Z-before! International development and war missions of destroyers and torpedo boats, vol. 1. 1914 to 1939. Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-7822-0762-9 , p. 93
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ with pictures of the sunken boat
literature
- Gröner, Erich / Dieter Jung / Martin Maass: The German warships 1815-1945. Volume 2. Munich 1999. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6
- Whitley, MJ: Destroyer in World War II . 2nd Edition. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1997. ISBN 3-613-01426-2