transnational
As transnational (from the Latin trans "beyond" and natio "nation") are features and processes referred to on state borders of the nations to go out and be operated by non-state actors.
Political science
In political science , transnational refers to the fact that relationships exist between members of peoples of different states , as distinct from international relationships that exist between states themselves (and their governments). Examples are relationships between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and religious communities or, more generally, all economic and cultural relationships that are not mediated through states. Transnational actors are thus social actors who act across national borders. Transnational organizations can be counted among these (e.g. aid organizations , business enterprises ). But social networks and social movements (e.g. critics of globalization) are also referred to as transnational if their structures exist in several states independently of state mediation.
Migration sociology
In the sociology of migration , transnational migration describes behavior in which migrants do not permanently leave one state and immigrate to another and assimilate into its society or develop their own subculture there , but instead switch between these two states at more or less short intervals - see transnationalism .
History
In historical studies , transnational history describes a research perspective in which the perspective goes beyond the nation-state fixed and limited historical interpretation of a national history .
Cultural studies
In literary and cultural studies , especially English / American studies and postcolonial studies , texts and cultural artefacts are referred to as transnational that cannot be assigned to a single, national cultural area, but whose production and reception allow a transnational effect. Due to migration , exile , diaspora and transculturation , among other things , authors and cultural workers represent a transnational and translocal cultural poetics. In Nations Unbound , Linda Basch and others note that transnational identities cannot be fully articulated by subjects themselves, but "only in contemporary fiction [...] this state of 'in-betweenness' has been fully voiced".
literature
- Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, Cristina Szanton Blanc: Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States. Routledge, London 2003, ISBN 2-8812-4630-3 (English; Extract in the Google Book Search).
- David Käbisch, Michael Wermke (eds.): Transnational border crossings and cultural contacts: historical case studies from a religious pedagogical perspective. Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Leipzig 2017, ISBN 978-3-374-04819-9 .
- Jürgen Nowak: Homo Transnationalis: Human trafficking, human rights and social work. Budrich, Opladen u. a. 2014, ISBN 978-3-86649-473-2 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, Cristina Szanton Blanc: Introduction. In: The Same: Nations Unbound. Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States. Gordon & Breach, Luxembourg 1994, ISBN 0-203-34700-5 , p. 5 (English; side view in the Google book search).