Trichoferus holosericeus

Trichoferus holosericeus
Trichoferus holosericeus
Systematics
Order : Beetle (Coleoptera) Subordination : Polyphaga Family : Longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) Subfamily : Cerambycinae Genre : Trichoferus Type : Trichoferus holosericeus
Scientific name
Trichoferus holosericeus
( Rossi , 1790)

Fig. 1: Front view	Fig. 2: side view
Fig. 3: Bottom	Fig. 4: Feeler, (head on the right), 1st to 4th link
Fig. 5: Head down, jaw button outside, lip button inside	Fig. 6: Section of the pronotum (head left)	Fig. 7: Tarsus of the middle pair of legs seen from below

Trichoferus holosericeus , Syn . Trichoferus cinereus , is a beetle from the family of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) and the subfamily Cerambycinae . The genus Trichoferus is represented by 25 species, 14 of which can be found in Europe. The beetle is known as a pest.

Notes on the name

The first description is the description by Pietro Rossi under the name Callidium holosericeum from 1790. However, the beetle was already described as Cerambyx cinereus by Charles Joseph de Villers in 1789 . However, this description is not generally accepted, as the name Cerambyx cinereus was given by Carl de Geer as early as 1775 for another beetle, which is now called Phytoecia cylindrica . Finally the species was also described in 1790 by Guillaume-Antoine Olivier as Callidium nebulosum . With the further division of the longhorn beetle genera, the specific epithet of Villers appears in the synonyms Hesperophanes cinereus Villers and Trichoferus cinereus Villers . The specific epithet of Rossi is read with the current generic classification as Trichoferus holerisericeus Rossi. In addition, the spelling Hesperophanes nebulosus Latreille still exists . The genus Trichoferus was established by Wollaston for a related species from Madeira in 1854 . It was originally a subgenus of the genus Hesperophanes Mulsant

The names all give accurate information about the beetle. The specific epithet cinērĕus ( Latin "ash-colored") refers to the gray color of the hair. This is not evenly distributed on the wing covers , but rather in flowing spots, which is what the name nebulosus (Latin for "cloudy") expresses. The name holosericeus indicates the velvety structure of the hair (from ancient Greek όλος "hólos" for "whole" and σηρικός "sericós" for "silk"). Presumably the name holosericeus is an allusion to the possible confusion with another beetle, because Rossi remarks after the short Latin characterization that introduces his description: "An C. Sericeum F. Mant. 152. 14?" (Latin "isn't it the Callidium sericeum by Fabricius, which is described in Mantissa Insectorum on page 152 under No. 14?" (today Hesperophanes sericeus )). The generic name Trichoferus (from ancient Greek θρίξ, τριχός "Thrix, trichós" for "hair" and φέρω "féro" for "to wear") indicates the hairiness. The name Hesperophanes (from ancient Greek έσπερος "hésperos" for "evening" and -φανής "phanés" for "appearing") indicates that the beetle becomes active towards evening.

features

Beetle

The elongated beetle is approximately cylindrical. It reaches a body length of 15 to 23 millimeters. It is red-brown all over the body, but the color is largely masked by the intense gray or whitish hair. This is close-fitting, fine and dense, but irregularly spotted on the elytra, which creates a marbling. Long protruding hair is missing.

The small head points forward and is partially retracted into the pronotum . The eyes are strongly rimmed, protruding, and roughly faceted. The eleven-link thread-shaped antennae are turned into the inner edge of the eyes. They are hairy close-fitting, and they also have long, silky hair on the inside of the first limbs (Fig. 4). However, these are not arranged as a row of eyelashes. The antennae are significantly shorter than the body in both sexes. The basal segment is strong and cylindrical, the second antenna segment short but not ring-shaped, the following segments about the same length. They only narrow slightly towards the outside. The third link is simple, in contrast to other species of the genus Trichoferus , in which it is flatly bulged inside along the entire length and is hairy longer and half-lying there. The upper lip ( labrum ) is wider than it is long and membranous, cut off almost straight and with silky hair in the middle. The mandibles are broad at the base and have a sharp inwardly curved tip. On the inside, in front of the middle, they have a weak tooth. The four-section lower jaw probe has a small base section, the second and third sections are roughly the same and only slightly larger than the basal section. The end link is only slightly enlarged. The three-part lip probes are astonishingly similar in shape and size to the jaw probes (Fig. 5).

The rounded pronotum (Fig. 6) is very crowded wrinkled dotted with the exception of a shortened, smooth center line and usually have a few more sparingly dotted areas. It is not as wide as the wing-coverts and in the males it is not wider than it is long. It has gray hairs adjacent to it, there are no bare hollow points as in Hesperophanes sericeus .

The elytra are reddish brown. Its sides narrow only slightly towards the rear, only at the end are the elytra rounded together. They are finely dotted, close to the base (Fig. 6 right) and increasingly more dispersed at the end. The spotty hair becomes sparse in the back third and can be completely absent in places, which is visible as brown spots.

On the underside, numerous small bare points are scattered between the thick hairs. The joint cavities of the front chest are open to the rear and widened at an angle to the sides. The legs are quite long. The splints ( tibia ) only slightly thicken towards the end. The tarsi bear on the underside in contrast to other species of the genus Trichoferus no bare central furrow (Fig. 7).

larva

The mandibles end in a chisel-like cutting surface, these cutting surfaces of the two upper jaws meet like a pair of pliers. The wood is completely gnawed into fine flour and the cell walls are destroyed. On the one hand, this enables a better breakdown of the cellulose and, on the other hand, access to the starch trapped in the cells without first having to break down the cell walls. Since not all of the ground wood passes through the digestive tract, but rather both faeces and pure wood meal are packed in the feeding ducts , it is assumed that starch is mainly used as an energy source.

biology

In Spain, the larvae develop mainly in dead branches of the common fig ( Ficus carica ). In other countries, however, numerous other host plants are named, including softwood and hardwood ( acacia , goat clover , poplar , willow and others). Not only, but preferentially, dead wood is infested, including wood that has been processed into posts, roofs or furniture. The species has already been observed in museum pieces. Experiments show that the larvae can even develop in conifers.

The beetles appear from May to August. The female only lives two to three weeks and lays 200 to 300 eggs during this time. The larvae hatch two to three weeks after oviposition. The most favorable conditions were determined to be 18 ° Celsius with a humidity of 90 - 95%. The nail is fine in the form of dust and fills the feeding tunnel.

The beetles spend the day well hidden. They fly at dusk and are attracted to light.

distribution

The beetle is common throughout the Mediterranean, but only in warm areas. In Spain, its distribution area coincides with that of the common fig. Found reports are from Portugal, Spain, France, the Balearic Islands, Malta, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, Switzerland, Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, the former Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Greece, Ukraine, the Middle East and North Africa before.

literature

• E. Vives: Coleoptera Cerambycidae in MARamos et al. Fauna Iberica Volume 12 Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press, Madrid 2000 p. 133f
• Luc Auber: Coléoptères de France Fascicule II Edition N.Boubée & Cie, Paris 1953 p. 18 as Hesperophanus cinereus

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Trichoferus holosericeus in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved December 30, 2013
2. ↑ ^{a b} Taxon profile of Trichoferus holosericeus (Rossi, 1790) at BioLib, accessed on January 1, 2014
3. ^ Trichoferus at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved December 26, 2013
4. ↑ ^{a b} Petro Rossi: Fauna Etrusca vol. I Livorno 1790 p. 153 at BHL p. 153
5. ↑ Carolo de Villers: Caroli Linnaei Entomologia Faunae Suecicae descriptionibus aucta vol. 1, Leiden 1789 p. 265 in BHL p. 256 no. 100
6. ^ Charles De Geer: Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes 5th volume Stockholm 1775 p. 75 at gallica p. 75
7. ↑ Cerambyx cinereus at BioLib, accessed January 1, 2014
8. ↑ M. Olivier: Entomologie ou histoire naturelle des insectes Vol. 4, 1795 in BHL p. 45
9. ^ JL Laporte. Ernest Laporte: Faune entomologique ou l'histoire naturelle des insectes qui se trouvent dans le département de Gironde in Actes de la Société linnéenne de Bordeaux vol. XVIII Paris, Bordeaux 1852 p. 91ff (p. 95) in BHL p. 95 no. 2
10. ^ ^{A b} Thomas Vernon Wollaston: Insecta Maderensia London 1854 page 427 at BHL p. 427
11. ↑ Heinz Freude, Karl Wilhelm Harde, Gustav Adolf Lohse (ed.): Die Käfer Mitteleuropas . tape 9 . Cerambycidae Chrysomelidae . Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0683-8 (first edition: Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1966). P. 46
12. ↑ ^{a b c} Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (species)
13. ↑ Joh. Christian Fabricius: Mantissa insectorum sistens eorum species nuper detectas ... The Hague 1787 p. 152 No. 14 at Gallica p. 152 No. 14
14. ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (genus) .
15. ^ ^{A b} Edmund Reitter : Fauna Germanica, the beetles of the German Empire, Volume IV, KGLutz 'Verlag, Stuttgart 1912 p. 44
16. ↑ Ludwig Ganglbauer: Tables of identification of the European Coleoptera VII. Cerambycidae in negotiations of the Imperial-Royal Zoological-Botanical Society Vol. 31, year 1881, Vienna 1882, p. 681ff at BHL key as Hesperophanus cinereus on p. 745
17. ↑ E. Chiappini, R. Nicoli Aldini: Morphological and physiological adapitons of wood-boring beetle larvae in timber J.Ent.Acarol.Res. Ser. II, 43 No 2 (2011): 47-59 University of Milano, 2011 PDF
18. ↑ ^{a b c} Palanati, Pizzo, Feci et al .: "Nutrtional requirements for larval development of the dry wood borer Trichoferus holosericeus (Rossi) in laboratory cultures" J. Pset Sci 2010 83: 157-164 doi : 10.1007 / s10340-009 -0282-9

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