Volquard Iversen

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Volquard Iversen , Dutch Volker Evertsz, (* around 1630 in Husum ; † unknown, after 1669) was a bookbinder and soldier in the service of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) .

During his 13-year journey in the service of the VOC, he wrote a detailed report of his experiences as well as the cultures and nature that he encountered. This was first published together with Jürgen Andersen's travelogue in 1669 under the title Oriental Travel Descriptions by Adam Olearius .

Title copper of the oriental travelogues 1669

Life

Before the first trip

Little is known about Iversen's life prior to his first trip with the VOC. Around 1630 he was born as the son of a miller in Husum, which at that time was in the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf . His brother was able to attend first the Husum School of Academics and then the University of Königsberg . Iversen himself completed an apprenticeship as a bookbinder and practiced his craft for a few years with a master in Amsterdam. There he came into contact with travelers from the VOC. A thirst for adventure and financial reasons also convinced him to put himself in the service of the company.

Drive to Batavia and service on site

Iversen decided to hire a body gunner and, according to his travel report, embarked on the Prinz Royal (Prinses Royaal) in April 1655. Passing the Canary Islands and via the islands of St. Vincent and St. Anton off the African coast, Iversen reached the Dutch fort on the Cape of Good Hope . From Africa he traveled on to the Dutch trading post in Batavia , which he reached at the beginning of 1656. According to the ship lists of the VOC, however, a departure in 1656 and arrival in Batavia in 1657 is more likely.

After four months of acclimatization, Iversen was ordered to continue on the ship Trawung to the Moluccas . In the following five years he served in the Dutch branches of the VOC in the Moluccas, especially on Ambon , Seram and the Banda Islands , and collected impressions of the flora, fauna and the inhabitants of the islands. He also described the presence of the Dutch in the region, their fight against the Portuguese and their Overburg fortress.

Local ship in the Moluccas (p. 185)

When Iversen reached the Moluccas, Arnout de Vlaming had subdued the natives just after eight years of war. In order to better enforce the VOC's monopoly on spices , he ordered that - apart from the island of Ambon - all the clove trees on the Moluccas should be destroyed. Iversen reports that as a soldier he was involved in these large-scale destruction missions.

Attempt to return home and shipwreck

Shipwreck of the Arnhem

In 1661, Iversen decided to return to his homeland and started his way back via Batavia on the ship Löwin. After a seven-month stay in Java , Iversen obtained his release from General Johann Matsüker. On December 23, 1661 he began his return journey on the ship Arnhem , which was part of a fleet of seven ships (Das Wappen von Holland (Wapen van Holland), Prinz Wilhelm (Prins Willem), Prinz Royal (Prinses Royaal), Arnhem, Maarsseveen, The Phoenix (Phoenix) and the Crowned Lion (Gekroonde Leeuw)) sailed under the command of Admiral Arnout de Vlaming. However, a violent storm soon caught the fleet and Iversen was shipwrecked on February 11, 1662 with the Arnhem. With about 80 other people he was able to save himself on a dinghy, which was, however, very overcrowded: 13 passengers were thrown into the sea, others died of thirst in the next few days. After a few days at sea, Iversen was able to save himself on the island of Mauritius . He lived there with some of the other survivors for several months and, after the initial difficulties, described the time as almost heavenly.

Iversen and some of his fellow sufferers were finally rescued from their Robinson life by the English ship Truro. Under Captain Swanli, the Trüro set out for the Cape of Good Hope on May 24, 1662, but had to take a detour via Madagascar and stay there for four months due to bad winds. Due to an insufficient supply of food, Iversen secretly changed ships and hid on board the Leopard for three days. Finally exposed as a former soldier in the service of the Dutch, he was supposed to be thrown overboard, but was released in Cambaia . Iversen sailed on with the Dutch ship Merri roos to Surat , where he arrived on October 8, 1662.

Service in Surat and homecoming

Back in the service of the Dutch, Iversen was sent to Basra via Gamron ( Bandar Abbas ) to wait for goods from Armenia, Turkey and Arabia. Returning to Surat, Iversen served there for another four and a half years until 1667. During this time he gathered extensive information about the city, its inhabitants and especially their religious practices. He also witnessed the sacking of the city in 1664.

Fire dance in Surat (p. 202)

Iversen's language skills made him - according to his own statement - very valuable to the Dutch, which is why it was not easy for him to get his dismissal after his second period of service. On May 15, 1667, Iversen finally set out on board the ship Kattenburg from Surat to Batavia. On his trip he passed Decan, Bombay (Mumbai), Cochin , Ceylon , Colombo and the Dutch fortress Galle.

Iversen stayed in Batavia until October 6, 1667 , from where he finally set off for his homeland with a fleet consisting of three ships (The coat of arms of Hoorn, Alden, Constantia). The fleet made a stopover at the Cape of Good Hope from December 24, 1667 to January 24, 1668. In his travel report, Iversen describes the changes to the Dutch base with great astonishment, especially in relation to the massively expanded infrastructure.

Cape of Good Hope (p. 219)

Iversen traveled on to Europe via the island of Ascension and reached the Dutch coast at Vlie on the day of Pentecost, May 18, 1668 . When he arrived in Amsterdam, he had his wages paid out and finally returned to his father's home in Husum, where he had already been believed dead.

The travel description and second departure

Shortly after his return, Iversen was visited by Adam Olearius , court librarian at the court in Gottorf, and gave him a report of his experiences. Olearius also arranged a meeting between Iversen and Jürgen Andersen, who also traveled with the VOC . Olearius had already written Andersen's travelogue for the court library in Gottorf. The scholar used this opportunity to compare the two reports and to check their veracity. On the basis of the reports by Iversen and Andersen, Olearius published the Oriental [n] = travel descriptions in 1669.

Due to the loss of his right thumb while taking the Paneck fortress in Makassar , Iversen was no longer able to practice the craft he had learned. Before Christmas 1668 he entered the service of the VOC again, this time with the rank of corporal. Again on board the Kattenburg, Iversen left for Batavia. Nothing is known about his further life from this point onwards, but it has been speculated that he settled in Batavia.

Travel report

Creation of the travelogue

Most of the statements about Iversen's life are based on his own travel report, which is also his only surviving work. Supplementary information is provided by a short epilogue by the editor Adam Olearius, in which he informs the reader about the events in Iversen's life shortly after his arrival at home. The accuracy of the information given by Iversen must be called into doubt, especially for the time before his shipwreck, since - unlike Jürgen Andersen - he was unable to save his records.

The Gottorf court librarian Adam Olearius can be described as the initiator of the publication of the travel reports of Andersen and Iversen, because he induced the travelers to put their experiences in a report. Demonstrating the scientific claim of his publications, Olearius used verification strategies to ensure the truthfulness of the statements of his authors. The court scholar compared the information he received from Andersen and Iversen with each other and compared it with informants from the Netherlands. With regard to the processing of Andersen's and Iversen's travelogues, however, the importance of Olearius in research is controversial. The intensity of his interventions in both texts is difficult to determine, especially since no records or concepts from the two authors have survived. It cannot be clearly established that the text by Iversen published by Olearius was based on a written report by the traveler. A comment by Olearius and introductory words on the adoption of part of Iversen's account in the contemporary novel "The French Cormantin" suggest this, however.

One branch of research has taken the use of clearly marked annotations as an indication that Olearius himself did not change the text further and that Olearius clearly differentiates between himself as the editor and Iversen as the author and describes them as such. In Iversen's report, Karin Unsicker suspects a somewhat greater involvement of the editor due to the fact that Iversen was probably no longer in Europe when it went to press. On the other hand, the opinion is also expressed that Olearius has subjected the text to an extensive revision. This thesis is based on the description of an episode from Iversen's travelogue from the perspective of another author, which appeared as early as 1663, six years before the first publication of the reports by Andersen and Iversen. Some passages in this description, especially nautical details, have been incorporated into Iversen's description. Olearius has not explicitly identified these takeovers, as is usual for his editorship, but draws attention to the description of the author “Anders Storman” in a supplementary note.

The editor supplemented the text with a wealth of comments and marginalia that further enrich the text. In Iversen's report, Olearius even added a whole chapter, which is intended to provide the reader with more context of the events, an indication of his wish to be able to present the travelogues to the Republic of Scholars. However, Olearius makes it clear that this is a subsequent addition and from which sources he uses for his enrichments.

Editions of the "Oriental Travel Descriptions"

Oriental travelogues 1669, p. 181.

The first edition of the oriental travelogues was printed in 1669 in the court printing house in Schleswig. Lohmeier has identified two versions of this first edition that have small differences in the title and opening credits. More important, however, is the removal of the dedication to Christoffer von Gabel , who was an important advisor to the Danish prince until 1670, in Version B. The dedication was probably removed shortly after the fall of Gabel, out of consideration for the political situation in Copenhagen. Lohmeier has therefore identified version A as the original version and used it as a template for the reprint he published. The copperplate engravings that illustrate Iversen's report were made by Andreas Rothgießer and B. Knuttel, two copper engravers working at the Gottorfer Hof. Presumably the engravings were chosen by the editor and not by the authors.

The travelogues were translated into Dutch as early as 1670, which suggests a high level of interest in Iversen's report. In the Dutch translation, Iversen's report - with new engravings - was not published together with Andersen's description, but with the reports by Johann Jacob Saar and Albrecht Herport .

A second edition of the travelogues was published in Hamburg in 1696 by the Hertel und Wiering publishing house. The text and the illustrations have been adopted, but the orthography has been adjusted and new typesetting are of better quality. The travelogues of Andersen and Iversen were part of a "complete edition" of Olearius' writings, supplemented by a few other treatises.

Iversen's travelogue. In: The world-famous Adam Olearii colligated and much increased travel descriptions. Hamburg 1696.

reception

As early as 1670, Erasmus Francisci referred in many comments to Volquard Iversen (and Jürgen Andersen) in his Geschicht = Kunst = und Sitten = Mirror of foreign peoples , published in Nuremberg in 1670 . Some elements from Iversen's report were taken over by Johann Jacob Saar to enrich the second task of the travelogue published in 1672 . Images from Iversen's report were also reused there. Furthermore, reference is made to Iversen's report in Christoph Arnold's edition of various reports on East Asia from 1672.

Iversen's description of Mauritius was also used by Henrick van Quellenburgh to counter Jean-Baptiste Tavernier's negative portrayal of the Dutch in Mauritius. An English translation of this Dutch passage by Iversen can be found as a manuscript in the British Library.

Iversen's account was also received in the popular literature of the late 17th century. The novelist and editor of a journal, Eberhard Werner Happel , included the story of Iversen's shipwreck in his weekly "Greatest Memories of the World or so-called Relationes Curiosae". Happel took over the version of the text passage published by Olearius verbatim - except for a few stylistic changes - added an introduction and subheadings to the report and shortened them so that they focused on the drama of the story of salvation and the emphasis on divine providence. Happel processed the reports by Andersen and Iversen, especially the descriptions of shipwreck and return, in his historical novel "The French Cormantin". Here, too, Happel made use of the textual basis published by Olearius, whereby he abbreviated the plot in some places and revised the text stylistically. Both in the contribution to the weekly and in his novel, Happel emphasizes his personal relationship with Volquard Iversen, whose brother he knew.

The rapid translation and strong reception of the reports by Iversen and Andersen not only indicate a keen interest of contemporaries in the genre of travel literature. They also point to a broad network of scholars, in which travel reports were exchanged and the information contained therein about foreign continents was evaluated, and whose members used foreign travel reports for their own works as sources for additions.

Research history

The travel report by Volquard Iversen is one of almost 50 reports from the 17th century on trips to " East India " by German-speaking travelers in the service of the VOC. The reports by Andersen and Iversen have also been used as sources for the history of this group.

The two travelogues were also examined in terms of their changing view of travel and its religious dimension. The regional aspects of the report were assessed as not very innovative, especially in older research, especially when compared to Dutch reports. In contrast, the ethnographic and cultural value of Iversen's report is emphasized in other works. For example, the destruction of the carnations by members of the VOC in the Moluccas, which Iversen himself lobbied, illustrates the violent side of the VOC in South Asia. Iversen's report shows the extent of the extermination actions and the conscience conflicts of the VOC employees involved:

"Because on these and the Malucci Islands lying around and nowhere else the Negelcken grow abundantly / and the Dutch would like to have the Negelken trade alone / we had to go out in parts at certain times of the year / and open those islands / from which the Dutch (because of the large abundance / if they have on the approaching Iusulen) did not want to collect all / ruin and peel off the nails / so that they wither: the small trees as thick as fingers / we had to uproot. Sometimes we have 15th in a month 16. A thousand trees destroyed. They also do the same with the Muszcat nuts and trees / that they often burn large heaps. At first I took it to my mind / the so abundantly bestowed gifts of God / since the closest could be served / to But why they do this / they give cause: it costs a large amount of money / to equip such ships to India / must then afterwards in dare / that / when they are loaded with delicious specimens / some perish due to storms and other misfortunes / that they all do not always come home happy: when now everyone should get hold of such truths there / and negotiate out / they would because of the crowd in a bad price and their gain is very small / then the little of a thing receives the higher price. "

Interesting from an environmental-historical perspective is Iversen's account of his time in Mauritius, in which he mentioned a bird called “ Dodderse ”. Iversen describes the characteristic ability of the bird species to be easy prey for humans due to its inability to fly and trustworthiness:  

"Being bigger than the geese / they can't fly (because instead of the wings there are only small feathers) but run very fast: we chased them one to another / that we could grab them with our hands / and if we got one by the leg stopped / and he screamed / others came running up / to help him caught / and were caught themselves. "

Iversen is believed to have seen (and possibly killed) one of the last dodos in the wild. Because further reports of castaways who were also stranded with Andersen in Mauritius do not report on the dodo or take over the description of a dodo from earlier sources. However, Iversen's description is also viewed critically, as the behavior of the Dodos he describes has similarities to that of the Mauritius rail . The dodo itself was and is often described as clumsy, slow and therefore incapable of escape. Iversen's observation that dodos can run fast therefore contradicts the dodo stereotypes widespread in Europe. During Olearius' time at the court in Gottorf, a dodo head was also in the ducal chamber of curiosities: It is unclear, however, whether this was brought by Iversen or whether it was bought from the holdings of a Dutch art chamber and came to Schleswig.

expenditure

  • Oriental trip = Description Jürgen Andersen from Schleßwig der An. Christi 1644. withdrew and 1650. come again. And Volquard Iversen from Holstein so An. Pulled out in 1655 and landed again in 1668. They both traveled through East India / Sina / Tartaria / Persia / Türckeyen / Arabia and Palestinam: and saw and experienced a lot of remarkable things on water and land; From their report to hear with pleasure and also astonishment the nature and current state of the islands / fixed countries / cities / the inhabitants / life / customs and doctrine. As well as from the wretched shipwrecks they suffered. Published by Adam Olearius, the ruling Prince. Pass. To Schleßwig / Holstein Bibliothecarium and Antiquarium. With its notis, and several local explanations: Sampt many copper pieces. With Käyserl. Mayest. Privilege. Schleßwig In the Fürstl. Printing by Johan Holwein / Fürstl. order book printers and shape cutters. In 1669. Digitized version of the Bavarian State Library
  • De / Beschryving / der / Reizen / van / Volkert Evertsz./ naar / East India. / Dar in het geen, dat hem in zijne reis bejegent is, set to music / word: zijn erbarmelijke schipbreuk op het schip Arnhem; / zijn landing aan 't Eilant Mauricius; zijn wretched / state op dit Eilant, en voorts zijn weêrkeering naar India, tot aan zijn weêr-koomst in't Vaderlant. […] Door Adam Olearius in de Hoogduitsche Taal uitgegeven, en van JH Glazemaker vertaalt./ Met kopere platen verçiert. 't Amsterdam, By Jan Rieuwertsz. en Pieter Arentsz. Boekverkopers, 1670. (pp. 89–130 in: Verhaal van drie voorname Reizen naar East India; te weten van Johan Jacobsz Saar, Volkert Evertsz, en Albrecht Herport, […] van JH Glazemaker vertaalt, Amsterdam 1671). Digitized at Google Books
  • Oriental travel description: Jürgen Andersen from Schleßwig / Der Anno Christi 1644 pulled out / and 1650 come again. And Volquard Iversen from Hollstein / So Anno 1655. pulled out / and came back in 1668. […] Edited by Adam Olearium […] With his notes, and several Oerter explanations: Sampt many copper pieces. In: The world-famous Adam Olearii colligated and much increased travel descriptions. Hamburg 1696. Digitized version of the Bavarian State Library

literature

  • JR Bruijn et al. a. (Ed.): Dutch-Asiatic Shipping in the 17th and 18th centuries, Vol. II. Den Haag 1979.
  • Peter Brenner: The travelogue in German literature: a research overview as a preliminary study for a genre history. Tubingen 1990.
  • Anthony Cheke: The Dodo's last island - where did Volkert Evertsz meet the last wild Dodo ?. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius vol. VII (2004), 7-22.
  • Gita Dharampal-Frick: India in the mirror of German sources of the early modern period (1500–1750). Studies on an intercultural constellation. Tubingen 1994.
  • Christoph Driessen: The critical observers of the East India Company. Bochum 1996.
  • Antje Flüchter: Handling of Diversity in Early Modern India? Perception and Evaluation in German Discourse. In: The Medieval History Journal 16 (2013), 297-334.
  • Carol Freeman: Extinction, Representation, Agency: The Case of the Dodo. In: Freeman C, Leane E and Watt Y (Eds.): Considering Animals: Contemporary Studies in Human-Animal Relations. Ashgate 2011, ISBN 978-1-4094-0013-4 , pp. 153-167 .
  • Roloef van Gelder: Het Oest-Indisch avontuur. Duitser in dienst van de VOC (1600–1800). Nijmegen 1997.
  • Roloef van Gelder: The East Indian Adventure. Germans in the service of the United East India Company of the Netherlands (VOC), 1600–1800. Hamburg 2004.
  • Michael Harbsmeier: Orient trips in the 18th century. In: Carsten Niebuhr (1733–1815) and his time. Ed. V. Joseph Wiesehöfer / Stephan Conermann. Stuttgart 2002, 63-84.
  • Peter Kirsch: German travel reports of the 17th century as a source for the Dutch East India journey. In: Schifffahrtsarchiv 13 (1990), 57–82.
  • Donald F. Lach / Edwin J. van Kley: Asia in the Making of Europe, Vol. 3, 1. Chicago / London 1993.
  • Dieter Lohmeier: Afterword by the editor. In: Jürgen Andersen and Volquard Iversen, Oriental travel descriptions. Adapted from Adam Olearius. Schleswig 1669. Ed. By Dieter Lohmeier. Tübingen 1980, 3-30.
  • SP L'Honoré Naber: Foreword. In: Johann Jakob Mercklein: Journey to Java, Front and Back India, China and Japan, 1644–1653. Haag 1930, pp. VII-XV.
  • Jolyon C. Parish: The Dodo and the Solitaire. A natural history. Indiana University Press, Bloomington 2013.
  • Thomas Strack: Exotic Experience and Intersubjectivity. Travel reports in the 17th and 18th centuries. Genre historical investigation on Adam Olearius - Hans Egede - Georg Forster. Paderborn 1994.
  • Thomas Strack: From Fools to Explorers: Seventeenth-Century Revisions of the Christian View on Travel. In: Colloquia Germanica 27 (1994), 205-224.
  • Karin Unsicker: Secular baroque prose in Schleswig-Holstein. Neumünster 1974.
  • Jörg Wesche: Fortune smith and shipwreck. Reflections on the failure between Heinrich v. Kleist, Johann Gottfried Herder, Eberhard Werner Happel and Adam Olearius. In: Fiasko - Failure in the Early Modern Age. Contributions to the cultural history of failure. Edited by Stefan Brakensiek / Claudia Claridge. Bielefeld 2015, 197–220.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Renate Dürr, Karoline Müller, Jonas Schmid, Leon Zimmermann: Volquard Iversen. In: Early modern times in Germany 1620-1720. Author's lexicon of literary studies (VL17).
  2. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 181.
  3. ↑ Dieter Lohmeier: Afterword by the editor . In: Dieter Lohmeier (eds.): Jürgen Andersen and Volquard Iversen, Oriental travel descriptions. Adapted from Adam Olearius. Schleswig 1669. Tübingen 1980, p. 6 .
  4. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 181.
  5. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 181.
  6. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 182.
  7. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 183.
  8. ↑ JR Bruijn et al. a. (Ed.): Dutch-Asiatic Shipping in the 17th and 18th centuries . tape 2 . Haag 1979, p. 74 f . Volume 2. Haag 1979, pp. 118, 122.
  9. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 183.
  10. ↑ Oriental Travel Descriptions 1669, pp. 183–188.
  11. ↑ Christoph Driessen: The critical observers of the East India Company . Bochum 1996, p. 137 .
  12. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, pp. 183f.
  13. ↑ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 188.
  14. ↑ JR Bruijn et al. a. (Ed.): Dutch-Asiatic Shipping in the 17th and 18th centuries . tape 2 . Haag 1979, p. 74 f .
  15. ↑ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, pp. 188f.
  16. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, pp. 191f.
  17. ↑ Oriental Travel Descriptions 1669, pp. 191–195.
  18. ↑ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 197.
  19. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 198.
  20. ↑ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 199.
  21. ↑ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, pp. 199–212.
  22. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, pp. 213–218.
  23. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 218.
  24. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 219.
  25. ↑ JR Bruijn et al. a. (Ed.): Dutch-Asiatic Shipping in the 17th and 18th centuries . tape 2 . Haag 1979, p. 74 f . Volume 2. Haag 1979, p. 74 f. Volume 2. Haag 1979, p. 84.
  26. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, pp. 219–221.
  27. ↑ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 221f. JR Bruijn et al. a. (Ed.): Dutch-Asiatic Shipping in the 17th and 18th centuries . tape 2 . Haag 1979, p. 74 f . Volume 2. Haag 1979, p. 74 f. Volume 2. Haag 1979, p. 84.
  28. ↑ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 222.
  29. ↑ Dieter Lohmeier: Afterword by the editor . In: Dieter Lohmeier (eds.): Jürgen Andersen and Volquard Iversen, Oriental travel descriptions. Adapted from Adam Olearius. Schleswig 1669. Tübingen 1980, p. 6 . In: Dieter Lohmeier (Ed.): Tübingen 1980, p. 6f.
  30. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 223.
  31. ↑ Dieter Lohmeier: Afterword by the editor . In: Dieter Lohmeier (eds.): Jürgen Andersen and Volquard Iversen, Oriental travel descriptions. Adapted from Adam Olearius. Schleswig 1669. Tübingen 1980, p. 6 . In: Dieter Lohmeier (Ed.): Tübingen 1980, p. 7.
  32. ↑ Karin Unsicker: Secular baroque prose in Schleswig-Holstein. Neumünster 1974, p. 57.
  33. ↑ "Our author Volquard Iversen wrote a memorable story of the great fire and robbery that took place in the city of Suratta a few years ago." Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 209.
  34. ↑ Eberhard Werner Happel: The French Cormantin, or so-called European history novel, on the 1687th year. Ulm 1687, p. 22 .
  35. ↑ Karin Unsicker: Secular baroque prose in Schleswig-Holstein. Neumünster 1974, p. 57.
  36. ↑ Karin Unsicker: Secular baroque prose in Schleswig-Holstein. Neumünster 1974, pp. 60f.
  37. ^ SP L'Honoré Naber: Foreword. In: Johann Jakob Mercklein: Journey to Java, Front and Back India, China and Japan, 1644–1653. Haag 1930, pp. VII-XV, here: p. XI.
  38. ↑ Andries Stockram: Korte Beschryvinge van de ongeluckige Viyagie van't Schip Aernhem. Amsterdam 1663.
  39. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 194.
  40. ↑ Oriental Travel Descriptions 1669, pp. 209–213.
  41. ↑ Thomas Strack: Exotic Experience and Intersubjectivity. Travel reports in the 17th and 18th centuries. Genre historical investigation on Adam Olearius - Hans Egede - Georg Forster. Paderborn 1994, p. 103.
  42. ↑ Dieter Lohmeier: Afterword by the editor . In: Dieter Lohmeier (eds.): Jürgen Andersen and Volquard Iversen, Oriental travel descriptions. Adapted from Adam Olearius. Schleswig 1669. Tübingen 1980, p. 18 .
  43. ↑ Dieter Lohmeier: Afterword by the editor . In: Dieter Lohmeier (eds.): Jürgen Andersen and Volquard Iversen, Oriental travel descriptions. Adapted from Adam Olearius. Schleswig 1669. Tübingen 1980, p. 22 .
  44. ↑ Dieter Lohmeier: Afterword by the editor . In: Dieter Lohmeier (eds.): Jürgen Andersen and Volquard Iversen, Oriental travel descriptions. Adapted from Adam Olearius. Schleswig 1669. Tübingen 1980, p. 23-25 .
  45. ↑ Dieter Lohmeier: Afterword by the editor . In: Dieter Lohmeier (eds.): Jürgen Andersen and Volquard Iversen, Oriental travel descriptions. Adapted from Adam Olearius. Schleswig 1669. Tübingen 1980, p. 22 .
  46. ^ Peter Kirsch: German travel reports of the 17th century as a source for the Dutch East India journey. In: Schifffahrtsarchiv 13 (1990), pp. 57–82, here: p. 60.
  47. ↑ Dieter Lohmeier: Afterword by the editor . In: Dieter Lohmeier (eds.): Jürgen Andersen and Volquard Iversen, Oriental travel descriptions. Adapted from Adam Olearius. Schleswig 1669. Tübingen 1980, p. 22 .
  48. ↑ Erasmus Francisci: New = polished history = art = and customs = mirror of foreign peoples / especially the Sineser / Japanese / Indostan / Javanese / Malabar…. who shows figures in six books / sixserley […]. Nuremberg 1670.
  49. ↑ Johann Jacob Saar: East Indian five-toe-year-old war services. Nuremberg 1672. Online at: http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/show/saar_kriegsdienste_1672
  50. ↑ Christoph Arnold: Truthful descriptions of three powerful kingdoms Japan, Siam and […]. Nuremberg 1672. Online at: https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11095489_00005.html
  51. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, pp. 192–196.
  52. ↑ Henrick Van Quellenburgh: Vindicae Batavicae ofte Refutatie van he tractaet van JB Tavernier […]. Amsterdam 1684, pp. 113-117. Anthony Cheke: The Dodo's last island - where did Volkert Evertsz meet the last wild Dodo ?. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius vol. VII (2004), pp. 7-22.
  53. ^ Mackenzie Collections in the British Library, Ex India Office; 1822 collection, No. 13a. Anthony Cheke: The Dodo's last island - where did Volkert Evertsz meet the last wild Dodo ?. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius vol. VII (2004), pp. 7-22.
  54. ↑ Eberhard Werner Happel, Greatest Memories of the World or so-called Relationes Curiosae, first part. Hamburg 1683.
  55. ↑ Jörg Wesche: Fortune forge and shipwreck. Reflections on the failure between Heinrich v. Kleist, Johann Gottfried Herder, Eberhard Werner Happel and Adam Olearius. In: Fiasko - Failure in the Early Modern Age. Contributions to the cultural history of failure. Edited by Stefan Brakensiek / Claudia Claridge. Bielefeld 2015, 197–220, here: pp. 209–216.
  56. ↑ Eberhard Werner Happel, Der Frantzösische Cormantin, or so-called European history novel, on the 1687th year. Ulm 1687, pp. 22-57.
  57. ^ Peter Kirsch: German travel reports of the 17th century as a source for the Dutch East India journey. In: Schifffahrtsarchiv 13 (1990), 57–82, here: p. 57. Antje Flüchter: Handling of Diversity in Early Modern India? Perception and Evaluation in German Discourse. In: The Medieval History Journal 16 (2013), 297-334.
  58. ^ Peter Kirsch: German travel reports of the 17th century as a source for the Dutch East India journey. In: Schifffahrtsarchiv 13 (1990), 57–82. Roloef van Gelder: Het Oest-Indisch avontuur. Duitser in dienst van de VOC (1600–1800). Nijmegen 1997. Donald F. Lach / Edwin J. van Kley: Asia in the Making of Europe, Vol. 3, 1. Chicago / London 1993, pp. 515-546.
  59. ↑ Michael Harbsmeier: Orient trips in the 18th century. In: Carsten Niebuhr (1733–1815) and his time. Ed. V. Joseph Wiesehöfer / Stephan Conermann. Stuttgart 2002, 63–84, here: p. 69. Thomas Strack: From Fools to Explorers: Seventeenth-Century Revisions of the Christian View on Travel. In: Colloquia Germanica 27 (1994), 205-224, here: pp. 215f.
  60. ↑ Donald F. Lach / Edwin J. van Kley: Asia in the Making of Europe, Vol. 3, 1. Chicago / London 1993, pp. 515-546, here: p. 529.
  61. ↑ Gita Dharampal-Frick: India in the mirror of German sources of the early modern period (1500-1750). Studies on an intercultural constellation. Tübingen 1994. Peter Brenner: The travel report in German literature: a research overview as a preliminary study for a genre history. Tübingen 1990, p. 113.
  62. ↑ Christoph Driessen: The critical observers of the East India Company. Bochum 1996, p. 137.
  63. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, pp. 183f.
  64. ^ Oriental travel descriptions 1669, p. 195.
  65. ^ Anthony Cheke: The Dodo's last island - where did Volkert Evertsz meet the last wild Dodo ?. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius vol. VII (2004), 7-22.
  66. ^ Jolyon C. Parish: The Dodo and the Solitaire. A natural history. Indiana University Press, Bloomington 2013, pp. 45-47 .
  67. ↑ Carol Freeman: Extinction, Representation, Agency: The Case of the Dodo. In: Freeman C, Leane E and Watt Y (Eds.): Considering Animals: Contemporary Studies in Human-Animal Relations. Ashgate 2011, ISBN 978-1-4094-0013-4 , pp. 153–167, here: p. 160, footnote 26 .
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  69. ^ Jolyon C. Parish: The Dodo and the Solitaire. A natural history. Indiana University Press, Bloomington 2013, pp. 190-195 .
personal data
SURNAME Iversen, Volquard
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Bookbinder and soldier in the service of the Dutch East India Company
DATE OF BIRTH around 1630
PLACE OF BIRTH Husum
DATE OF DEATH after 1669