Voltcial

Voltcial
	Walchia piniformis from Upper Perm in Saarland, museum in Bern
Temporal occurrence
	Pennsylvania to Upper Permian
	318 to 251 million years
Systematics
without rank:	Streptophyta
Empire :	Plants (Plantae)
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Coniferopsida
Order :	Voltcial
Scientific name
	Voltcial
	W.Zimm.

The Voltziales are a group of extinct seed plants . They are considered to be the ancestors of the conifers living today .

They are originally named Voltzia by Adolphe Brongniart (1828) in honor of Philippe Louis Voltz (1785–1840, the pioneer in the development of the flora of the Voltziensandsteins of the Vosges) .

features

The Voltziales are a very heterogeneous group. In the past, a distinction was made between “voltcial” conifers and “walchial” conifers. The former are characterized by orthotropic branching, broad leaves and short shoots with flattened, partly fused scales. The latter are plagiotropically branched, have needle-shaped leaves and the short shoots have radially arranged scales. The stomata form bands, the pollen is monosaccate .

Systematics

Familys

The two groups of "voltcial" and "walchial" conifers are not clearly distinguishable from each other and are now placed together in the order voltcial. According to Taylor et al. (2009) the following families belong to the order:

Voltzia heterophylla

The relationships between the individual Voltziales families and the Pinales (the recent conifers ) descended from them were reconstructed by Farjon as follows.

Thucydiaceae †

Emporiaceae †

Ullmanniaceae †

Utrechtiaceae †

Majonicaceae †

Voltziaceae †

Pinales

	Podocarpaceae

	Phyllocladaceae

Araucariaceae

	Pararaucariaceae †

	Pinaceae

	Cephalotaxaceae

	Taxaceae

Palissyaceae †

	Geinitziaceae †

Genera incertae sedis

Some genera that are poorly known are described by Taylor et al. (2009) not assigned to any of the families ( incertae sedis ), since not even their assignment to the Voltziales is considered certain. They are:

supporting documents

Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, Michael Krings: Paleobotany. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants . Second Edition, Academic Press 2009, pp. 807ff., ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8

Individual evidence

↑ Fabiany Herrera, Gongle Shi, Chris Mays, Niiden Ichinnorov, Masamichi Takahashi, Joseph J. Bevitt, Patrick S. Herendeen and Peter R. Crane. 2020. Reconstructing Krassilovia mongolica supports Recognition of A New and Unusual Group of Mesozoic Conifers. PLoS ONE. 15 (1): e0226779. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0226779
^ Aljos Farjon: A Natural History of Conifers . Timber Press, Portland 2008, ISBN 978-0-88192-869-3 , p. 69.

Web links

Commons : Voltziales - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

[1] Fabiany Herrera, Gongle Shi, Chris Mays, Niiden Ichinnorov, Masamichi Takahashi, Joseph J. Bevitt, Patrick S. Herendeen and Peter R. Crane. 2020. Reconstructing Krassilovia mongolica supports Recognition of A New and Unusual Group of Mesozoic Conifers. PLoS ONE. 15 (1): e0226779. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0226779

[2] Aljos Farjon: A Natural History of Conifers . Timber Press, Portland 2008, ISBN 978-0-88192-869-3 , p. 69.