Phyllocladus
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Mountain Leaf Disk ( Phyllocladus alpinus ) on the South Island of New Zealand |
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| Phyllocladus | ||||||||||||
| LCRich. & A.Rich. |
Phyllocladus is a genus in the family of podocarpaceae (Podocarpaceae) within the conifers (Coniferales). They are also called leaf slices . The fiveor sospecies occur in New Zealand , Tasmania , Papua New Guinea , Borneo and on Sulawesi , the Moluccas and the Philippines .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Phyllocladus species are trees with heights of up to 30 meters. The smooth bark is dark brown to black and comes off in large, thin pieces. Phyllocladus species differ from other genera of the Podocarpaceae mainly in the photosynthetic organs , they have phyllocladia , flat green branches that look like leaves and take over photosynthesis, because the actual leaves are reduced to small scales.
Generative characteristics
Phyllocladus species are often single sexed ( monoecious ), but there are also ( dioecious ) populations . In contrast to many Podocarpaceae, the dark brown to black seeds are two to 20 (usually two to three) in cones .
Locations
The Phyllocladus species mainly thrive in tropical, humid and temperate highland rainforests or cloud forests.
These include, among others
- New Zealand with Phyllocladus trichomanoides
- Borneo with Phyllocladus hypophyllus
- Tasmania with Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (Syn .: Phyllocladus rhomboidalis )
Systematics and distribution
The genus Phyllocladus was established in 1825 by Louis Claude Marie Richard in Charles François Brisseau de Mirbel : Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle , Volume 13, Page 48. Type species is Phyllocladus billardierei Rich. ex Mirb. ; it is a synonym of Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (Labill.) Hook. f. Synonyms for Phyllocladus Rich. ex Mirb. nom. cons. are: Brownetera Rich. ex Tratt. , Podocarpus labill. non L'Hér. ex pers. , Thalamia Spreng.
The genus Phyllocladus was previously placed in a separate family Phyllocladaceae. The Phyllocladaceae family was established in 1907 by Charles Edwin Bessey . David John de Laubenfels classified the genus Phyllocladus in the Podocarpaceae family in 1989.
The Phyllocladus TYPES have their areas in New Zealand , Tasmania , Papua New Guinea , Borneo and Sulawesi , the Moluccas and the Philippines .
There are about five species in the genus Phyllocladus :
- Mountain leaf disk ( Phyllocladus alpinus Hook. F. , Syn .: Phyllocladus aspleniifolius var. Alpinus (Hook. F.) H. Keng , Phyllocladus trichomanoides var. Alpinus (Hook. F.) Parl .: It comes on the north and South Island of New Zealand in front.
- Phyllocladus aspleniifolius ( Phyllocladus aspleniifolius . F (Labill.) Hook. , Podocarpus aspleniifolius Labill. , Thalamia aspleniifolia (Labill.) Spreng. , Brownetera aspleniifolia (Labill.) Tratt. , Phyllocladus billardieri Rich. Ex Mirb. , Phyllocladus rhomboidalis Rich. , Phyllocladus trichomanoides var. Glaucus (Carr.) Parl. , Phyllocladus serratifolius Nois. Ex Henkel & Hochst. ): This endemic thrives in the temperate rainforest at altitudes of 0 to 1200 meters only in Tasmania .
- Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. (Syn .: Phyllocladus hypophyllus var. Protracta Warburg , Phyllocladus protractus (Warburg) pilgrims , Phyllocladus major pilgrims ): It occurs from the Philippines via Sulawesi and the Moluccas to New Guinea and Borneo .
- Phyllocladus toatoa Molloy (Syn .: Phyllocladus glaucus Kirk non Carr. ): This endemic thrives at altitudes of 850 to 1000 meters only in the northwestern part of the North Island of New Zealand.
- Maidenhair leaf disc ( Phyllocladus trichomanoides D.Don ; Syn .: Podocarpus trichomanoides (D.Don) Kuntze ): It occurs in New Zealand from the northern Cape via the districts of northern Marlborough and Nelson on the North Island to the northwestern part of the South Island.
swell
- Christopher J. Earle: Phyllocladus. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, February 28, 2019, accessed on May 20, 2019 (English).
literature
- Maarten JM Christenhusz, James L. Reveal, Aljos Farjon, Martin F. Gardner, Robert R. Mill, Mark W. Chase: A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. In: Phytotaxa. Volume 19, 2011, pp. 55-70.
- Brian PJ Molloy: A contribution to the taxonomy of Phyllocladus (Phyllocladaceae) from the distribution of key flavonoids. In: New Zealand Journal of Botany. Volume 37, 1999, pp. 375-382.
- Steven J. Wagstaff: Evolution and biogeography of the austral genus Phyllocladus (Podocarpaceae). In: Journal of Biogeography. Volume 31, 2004, pp. 1569-1577.
- David J. de Laubenfels: Coniferales. In: Flora Malesiana. Series I, Volume 10, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht 1988, pp. 337-453.
Individual evidence
- ^ Karl Schwippel: Distribution of plants and animals . Ed .: A. Pichler's Widow & Son. Vienna 1900, p. 60 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
- ^ Martin Schwarzbach: Ice Age and Present - Paleoclimatological Impressions from New Zealand . tape 16 . Öhringen, Baden-Württemberg December 31, 1965, p. 231 ( eg-quaternary-sci-j.net [PDF]).
- ↑ Dr. Carl Freiherr von Tubeuf: The softwoods . Published by Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1897, p. 153 ( las.ac.cn ).
- ↑ a b Phyllocladus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved May 20, 2019.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Christopher J. Earle: Phyllocladus. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, February 28, 2019, accessed on May 20, 2019 (English).
- ↑ a b c Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Phyllocladus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 23, 2020.
Web links
- Phyllocladus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
- Phyllocladus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species2019.1. Retrieved on 2019-05-20.
Historical literature
- CJ Quinn: The Phyllocladaceae Keng: a critique. In: Taxon. Volume 36, 1987, pp. 559-565.
- Martin Schwarzbach: Ice Age and Present - Paleoclimatological Impressions from New Zealand . tape 16 . Öhringen, Baden-Württemberg December 31, 1965, p. 231 ( eg-quaternary-sci-j.net [PDF]).
- Karl Schwippel: Distribution of plants and animals . Ed .: A. Pichler's Widow & Son. Vienna 1900, p. 60 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
- Dr. Carl Freiherr von Tubeuf: The softwoods, introduction to softwood science . Published by Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1897, pp. 152–153.