Sapowednik
A sapovednik (Russian заповедник , Ukrainian Заповідник / Sapowidnyk ; scientific transliteration and English spelling Zapovednik ) is a protected area with special legal status in the Russian Empire , the Soviet Union and in the post-Soviet area . At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, there were over a hundred sapovedniki on its territory.
The Sapowedniki are the most important national category for nature reserves in Russia and are referred to in English as "strictly protected areas" and in German as "total reserve". The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) assigns them to the highest possible protected area category I.
In addition to the classic nature reserves , historically, culturally or art-historically important areas, buildings or facilities as well as places that are relevant to the collective memory of society can also receive the status of sapovednik. The widespread translation as "nature reserve" falls clearly too short.
Within the limits of a sapowenik, no economic activity is permitted that contradicts the intended purpose of the sapovednik or represents a threat with harmful influences on natural processes. Therefore, entering the core zone of a sapowednik is generally prohibited. Exceptions are only granted to a very limited extent for scientists or well-heeled tourists (who officially participate in scientific studies). The core zone of a sapowednik is usually surrounded by a buffer zone in which restricted land use is permitted. Fishing, logging, construction, road building and many more are strictly forbidden.These prohibitions do not apply if they are aimed at the fulfillment of the purposes of the sapovednik.
A sapowednik is a legal person , has an administration headed by a director and a security service as well as scientific subdivisions. Violations of the legal regime can be brought to court. The individual Sapowedniki have a budget and their own infrastructure, which also includes a permanent staff (including a director, several rangers and scientific advisors).
Sapovedniki in Russia
Darwin state biosphere apowednik
The Darwin State Biosphere Sapovednik, which occupies the northwestern part of the Rybinsk Reservoir on the Volga , was established in 1945 after the Rybinsk hydroelectric power station was built. It is used to research the changes in the natural environment that occurred as a result of the formation of the 4,580 km² reservoir.
Kolomenskoye
Among the most famous Sapowedniki part of the south of Moscow Situated State art, history and architecture and natural landscape museum Sapowednik (государственный художественный историко-архитектурный и природно-ландшафтный музей-заповедник) Kolomenskoye (Russian Коломенское). It was founded in 1923 on the site of an estate owned by Russian grand dukes and tsars. Today the 390 hectare park is a popular destination and recreational area for Muscovites and tourists. There are around twenty architectural monuments on the Kolomenskoe site.
Sapovedniki in Ukraine
In Ukraine, the legal regime for nature reserves (Ukrainian Заповідник природний / Sapowidnyk pryrodnyj) was laid down in the 1992 Act on the Existence of Nature Reserves of Ukraine ( Pro pryrodno-sapowidnyj fond Ukraïny ). The decision on establishment and land allocation is made by the President.
Kiev Pechersk Lavra
In Kiev , on the bank of the Dnieper, there is the Kiev Pechersk Lavra , which has had the status of a historical-cultural museum-sapovednik since 1926 . On its territory, in addition to the reopened monastery, there are a number of museums.
National Sapovednik "Chortyzja"
The status of the national sapovednik "Khortyzja" , which includes the Dnepr island Khortyzja , the aquatorium belonging to it as well as the opposite banks and some smaller islands, is quite new in Ukraine and only became the former historical-cultural sapovednik on the island Khortyzja Awarded in 1993.
According to the Decree of the Deputy Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of July 1, 1992, No. 364, “national” status is awarded to “cultural institutions that play a prominent role in the intellectual life of the people”. This status means greater prestige for the institution in question, but also funding from the state budget and the ban on (even partial) privatization.
The National Sapovednik "Khortyzja" is located in the urban area of Zaporizhia in the east of Ukraine and is dedicated to the investigation, development and protection of both nature and the historical heritage of the island, which includes the history of the Cossacks and prehistoric cultures .
Sapowedniki in Belarus
Polish State Radio-Ecological Sapowednik
In the south of Belarus on the border with Ukraine is the Polish State Radioecological Sapovednik , which was built after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster adjacent to the Ukrainian Chernobyl exclusion zone .
See also
literature
- Bol'šaja Sovetskaja Enciklopedija (German: Great Soviet Encyclopedia ). Moscow 1973.
- Christian Ganzer: Soviet Heritage and Ukrainian Nation. The Museum of the History of Zaporozhian Cossacks on the island of Khortycja. (= Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society. Vol. 19). With a foreword by Frank Golczewski. ibidem-Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-89821-504-0 .
- Zakonodatel'stvo Ukrainy (= Kompjuternaja biblioteka "Infodisk". No. 12, December 2003). (German: Legislation of Ukraine ). Kiev 2003.
- Hans Dieter Knapp: Zapovedniks. Protection of natural heritage in Russia . In: National Park . No. 116 , 2002, pp. 8-15 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bastian Bomhard: "Nature Reserves" in Russia. Georg-August-University Goettingen. November 2001. Accessed on June 7, 2013 (PDF; 841 kB)