Zoogloea (genus)
| Zoogloea | ||||||||||||
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| Zoogloea | ||||||||||||
| Itzigsohn emend in 1868 . Shin et al. 1993 |
Zoogloea is a genus of gram-negative , aerobic rod bacteria from the family Rhodocyclaceae . The genus contains four species, the type species is the sewage bacterium Zoogloea ramigera .
features
Zoogloea cells are gram-negative rods with a single, polar flagellum , 2.1 to 3.6 µm long and 1.0 to 1.2 µm thick. They are oxidase-positive and weakly catalase- positive . In an aqueous medium, Zoogloea forms flakes, consisting of finger- or tree-shaped cell colonies that are embedded in a jelly. It is aerobic and can switch to nitrate as an electron acceptor ( denitrification ) when there is a lack of oxygen , which is why it does not excrete any organic acids as sugar breakdown products (as do lactic acid bacteria, for example ). It is able to break the aromatic ring of benzoic acid ; the most common fatty acid is palmitoleic acid , and yeast extract acts as a growth factor . The main chemical distinguishing feature from morphologically similar bacteria is the possession of the rare quinone rhodoquinone -8 (next to ubiquinone-8 ).
Systematics
The genus described by Itzigsohn in 1868 was adopted with the introduction of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria in 1980 with the only species Zoogloea ramigera , although polyphylie was already discussed in the 1960s . In 1993 Shin , Hiraishi and Sugiyama re- described the genus ( Emendation ). At that time, among other things, the strain IAM 12669, since 2006 the type of Crabtreella saccharophila belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria , was still included in Zoogloea ramigera . By sequencing the ribosomal RNA and DNA hybridization , they found that the rhodoquinone- possessing strains are actually closely related to each other and are related to Rhodocyclus purpureus , while strains without rhodoquinone belong to other branches of the Betaproteobacteria or, in the above-mentioned case, even to the Alphaproteobacteria .
Since Shin and colleagues continued to assume a single species of Zoogloea ramigera in 1993 , the emendation also applies to this.
The following species are added to the genus (as of November 2018):
- Zoogloea caeni Shao et al. 2009
- Zoogloea oleivorans Farkas et al. 2015
- Zoogloea oryzae Xie & Yokota 2006
- Zoogloea ramigera Itzigsohn 1868
- Zoogloea resiniphila Mohn et al. 1999
Web links
- JP Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature - Genus Zoogloea
- Yong Kook Shin, Akira Hiraishi, anf junta Sugiyama: Molecular Systematics of the Genus Zoogloea and Emendation of the Genus Online