International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria

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The International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (Bacteriological Code) (ICNB, International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria , Bacteriological Code ) regulates the creation of scientific names for prokaryotes . The nomenclature rules are published on the NCBI website. The ICNB is part of the biological nomenclature . In microbiology in 1980 was awarded the Bacteriological Code a new beginning made to ensure that the nomenclature ensure bacteria is uniform in accordance with internationally accepted rules.

History of the nomenclature of bacteria

Until 1975 the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) was used to name bacteria. A code was approved at the fourth International Congress of Microbiology in 1947, but it was not widely used. At further international congresses for microbiology in 1953 and 1962 extensive additions were decided, but these were only published individually; the bacteriological code was not reissued . Finally, in 1968 the idea was formulated to first create a list of recognized bacterial names and then, at a certain point in time, to consider all bacterial names not listed there as invalid. New bacteria names would then have to be assigned according to the code. January 1, 1980 was agreed as the starting point for the currently valid code. Stephen P. Lapage played a key role in creating the code with established rules . In 1990 a revision was issued that included three important changes:

  • Names that are not listed in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names lose their validity. However, they can be re-approved as nomen revictum (Latin for "resumed name") if they conform to the code (also set out as rule 28a). This applies, for example, to Sporosarcina psychrophila , the name of which was not recognized until 1984, although it was used as early as 1967.
  • The bacteria names must be published in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (IJSB, English for "International Journal for Systematic Bacteriology"). If they have been published in other specialist journals in accordance with the bacteriological code , these names must be recognized in the IJSB (also defined as rule 27).
  • A type must be specified in the publication (also specified as rules 16–22).

The code is currently monitored and published by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP, English for "International Commission for the Systematics of Prokaryotes"). In the future, the Code International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (English for "International Code of the Nomenclature of Prokaryotes") will be called.

Structure of the bacteriological code

The first chapter, General Considerations , points out the need for internationally recognized rules on nomenclature. In the second chapter Principles ("Basics" or "Principles") the basics of the bacteriological code are named, to which rules and recommendations refer. The third chapter, Rules of Nomenclature with Recommendations, lists numbered rules that go up to No. 65, but are in some cases further subdivided (e.g. Rule 51a and Rule 51b). Suitable recommendations have the same number. The fourth chapter, Advisory Notes, contains, among other things, notes for authors. The work also includes the statutes (comparable to the statutes of an association ) of the ICSB (now ICSP) and the Bacteriology and Applied Microbiology Department of the International Union of Microbiological Societies , as well as an appendix in ten parts.

Rules of the Bacteriological Code

The principles of the Bacteriological Code include, for example, that stability should be achieved in the names assigned and that the code is independent of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and the International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). This means that the name of a taxon can be used for a bacterium as well as for a plant or an animal at the same time. This is in Gordonia → plant kind from the family of the Tea Family (Theaceae) and Gordonia → bacterial genus of the family Nocardiaceae the case, just as with Edwardsiella → animal species from the order of sea anemones (Actiniaria) and Edwardsiella → bacterial genus of the family of Hafniaceae .

The scientific names are Latin or neo-Latin words are formed from them. Their origin (compare etymology ) is often the ancient Greek language or Latin (also specified in rule 10a). The name of a species follows the binary nomenclature going back to Carl von Linné with a generic name and a species name ( epithet ) (also specified in rule 12a). The correct name of a taxon is based on the valid publication, the legitimacy of the taxon and the order (priority) in the publication (also specified in Rule 23a – 23b). According to this priority rule, the bacteria name that was published first is valid. If it later turns out that another taxon is identical to the one described first, the name published later is renamed (also specified in rules 38 and 42). Here is a selection of other important rules:

  • Rules 5a – 5d deal with the systematics and taxonomy . The taxonomic ranks class , order, family, genus , species and subspecies are recorded. B. Can give subordination. The use of the variety rank is not permitted. Taxa below the subspecies rank are not covered by the code (rules 5d and 14a). However, Appendix 10 ( Infrasubspecific Subdivisions , means something like "division below the subspecies") contains recommendations, for example the use of the terms serovar , biovar or phagovar.
  • The taxa between subclass and genus have a certain word ending ( suffix ) according to their rank (rule 9). They are capitalized (rule 7). examples are
  • Generic names are capitalized and treated as a Latin noun ; word stems from other languages ​​are Latinized (rule 10a), so that the generic name has a grammatical gender .
  • Rule 65 stipulates that the last part of the word is decisive for the grammatical gender of compound words. Therefore z. B. the genus Jeotgalicoccus masculine, since the part of the word Coccus is masculine. The LPSN (see below) is helpful for looking up the grammatical gender.
  • The use of personal names is also permitted; generic names are used as Latinized words in the feminine form (recommendation 10a). In this way, scientists or doctors who have made a contribution to microbiology are often honored. Depending on which letter the personal name ends on, the generic names are formed by different suffixes (Appendix 9):
  • A diminutive is also often used (Appendix 9), such as Bordetella (named after Jules Bordet ), Klebsiella (named after Edwin Klebs ), Pasteurella (named after Louis Pasteur ) or Salmonella (named after Daniel Elmer Salmon ).
  • Species names are written in lower case and must follow the grammatical gender of the generic name as an adjective , for example Sporosarcina antarctica , since Sporosarcina is feminine and Micrococcus antarcticus , since Micrococcus is masculine. If it is a noun that serves as an apposition , it is used in the nominative , e.g. B. Bacillus acidicola , the Latinized word acidicola means "inhabitant of an acidic environment". Or a noun is used in the genitive . This is mostly done to describe the place of origin or the occurrence, as with Chlamydophila psittaci , the Latin word psittaci means "of the parrot" (Rules 12a-12c).
  • Names for subspecies are a ternary combination of generic names, species names and subspecies names. The name of the subspecies is preceded by the abbreviation "subsp.", For example Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (Rules 13a-13d).
  • In the case of a newly named taxon or a change in the status of a taxon in which the name also changes, abbreviations are placed after the name (rule 33a), which indicate which category of a nomenclatory act it is, e.g. E.g. nov. "for species nova (" new species ")," gen. nov. ”for genus novum (“ new genus ”) or“ comb. nov. ”for combinatio nova (“ new combination ”). The latter applies, for example, if a bacterial species is placed in another genus. Bacillus acidoterrestris was first described in 1988 , but in 1992 of the newly established genus Alicyclobacillus gen. Nov. assigned and thus as Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris comb. nov. designated. Rules 33b – 34c deal accordingly with how to deal with the author's name and the year of the first description. The use of small caps for author names is not regulated in the Bacteriological Code.
  • If the description of a taxon was later improved by one or more authors, these names are followed by the abbreviation “emend.” (Latin emendavit for “improved” or “corrected”) with the year of the description (rule 35), such as for Leptospira Noguchi emend in 1917. Faine and Stallman 1982.
  • If a species is broken down into subspecies, the species name is also used as the subspecies name for the subspecies that contains the type stem (rules 40a – 40c and 46). This applies, for example, to Staphylococcus aureus , in 1985 Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius was first described as a subspecies and consequently the bacterium previously listed as a species was now automatically listed as a subspecies: Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus .
  • Rules 51a-56b deal with how to deal with illegitimate names.
  • Rules 57a-65 describe the spelling of bacterial names, in many cases the Judicial Commission (“Decision- making Committee ”, see below) should be consulted. Appendix 9 also contains information on spelling.
  • Diacritical marks - such as the umlauts used in German or the z. B. Accent used in French - do not appear in bacterial names , but are circumscribed (Rule 64). This applies, for example, to the genus Prevotella , which was named after the French microbiologist André-Romain Prévot . Another example is the genus Truepera , the name of which was chosen in honor of the German microbiologist Hans G. Trüper .

Approved Lists of Bacterial Names

Closely linked to the bacteriological code is a list of recognized bacterial names. 1968 was at a meeting of the Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (English for "Decision-making Committee of the International Commission for Systematic Bacteriology", this commission was renamed ICSP ) discussed how the Bacteriological Code could be revised to with a cleaned list to try a fresh start. At the time, around 30,000 names were published in the literature, but many of them could not be clearly assigned to a specific bacterial species. It was agreed that from January 1, 1976, bacteria names must be published in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (IJSB). The IJSB is the forerunner of the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM, English for "International Journal for Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology"), in which recently discovered bacterial taxa are described. By 1980 the taxa published in the IJSB were collected and this list was supplemented with clearly defined, older names, which often referred to pathogenic bacteria. Victor BD Skerman and Peter HA Sneath , who are also the co-editors, were instrumental in the concept of this list .

Based on the code, the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names are published. The first edition is from 1980. The first edition contains around 2,300 bacterial names. A second edition was published in 1989 and can be viewed on the Internet. The bacterial names that have been changed or newly added since 1989 and which correspond to the bacteriological code are published in the IJSEM at regular intervals. The respective summary is called Validation List no. ... (English for " Validation List No. ..." or "Confirmation List No. ...") and is also available on the Internet. The aim of these lists is to summarize the bacteria names valid according to the code, as long as there are no completely revised Approved Lists of Bacterial Names . As of April 2014, the current edition is the Validation List no.156 .

Other lists based on the bacteriological code

A Prokaryotic Nomenclature Up-to-date (English for "Prokaryotic nomenclature up to date") can be viewed at the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ). Another reliable source is the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (English for "List of prokaryotic names that correspond to the nomenclature", abbreviated as LPSN), which has been published since 1997 by Jean P. Euzéby . It also provides an overview of bacterial names that have not yet been published validly and that often have the status of Candidatus . Aidan C. Parte has been maintaining this database since July 2013 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ RE Buchanan, R. St. John-Brooks, RS Breed (Ed.): International Bacteriological Code of Nomenclature. In: Journal of bacteriology. Volume 55, No. 3, March 1948, pp. 287-306, ISSN  0021-9193 . PMID 16561459 . PMC 518444 (free full text).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f SP Lapage, PHA Sneath, EF Lessel, VBD Skerman, HPR Seeliger, WA Clark (eds.): International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria - Bacteriological Code, 1990 Revision . ASM Press, Washington (DC), USA 1992, ISBN 1-55581-039-X ( NCBI Bookshelf ).
  3. ↑ a b PHA Sneath: The preparation of the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 55, No. 6, November 2005, pp. 2247-2249, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.64137-0 .
  4. ^ Jean P. Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: All names cited in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature - Introduction (the names can be found with the help of the search function or the alphabetical lists). In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved April 16, 2014 .
  5. ^ Jean P. Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genders of generic names (grammatical gender of generic names). In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) . Retrieved April 16, 2014 .
  6. ↑ Approved Lists of Bacterial Names . In: VBD Skerman, Vicki McGowan, PHA Sneath (Eds.): International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape  30 , no. 1 , 1980, p. 225-420 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-30-1-225 ( sgmjournals.org [PDF; 17.0 MB ; accessed on April 13, 2014]). Approved Lists of Bacterial Names ( Memento of the original from January 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ijs.sgmjournals.org
  7. ↑ VBD Skerman, Vicki McGowan, PHA Sneath (Eds.): Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (Amended) . 2nd Edition. ASM Press, Washington (DC), USA 1989, ISBN 978-1-55581-014-6 ( NCBI Bookshelf ).
  8. ^ A. Oren, GM Garrity: List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 64, No. 3, March 2014, pp. 693-696, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.062521-0 .
  9. ↑ JP Euzéby: List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a Folder Available on the Internet. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 47, No. 2, April 1997, pp. 590-592, ISSN  0020-7713 . doi: 10.1099 / 00207713-47-2-590 .
  10. ^ Jean P. Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: LPSN News. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) . Retrieved April 13, 2014 .

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