Sporosarcina psychrophila

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Sporosarcina psychrophila
Systematics
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Planococcaceae
Genre : Sporosarcina
Type : Sporosarcina psychrophila
Scientific name
Sporosarcina psychrophila
( Nakamura 1984) Yoon et al. 2001

Sporosarcina psychrophila is a type of bacteria from the Firmicutes division . The gram test is positive. The GC content of this type is 41.1  mol% . Because of the rod-shaped cells and the abilityto form endospores , it was previouslyassigned tothe genus Bacillus . Although it was first described in 1967, it was not until 1984 that it was clearly distinguished from the species Bacillus globisporus .

features

Appearance

The cells of Sporosarcina psychrophila are rod-shaped with rounded ends. You are gram positive . The cells are 3.0–7.0 µm long and 0.5–1.0 µm wide. They occur individually or in short chains. Like all species of the genus, S. psychrophila forms endospores. The diameter of the spherical endospores is between 0.9 and 1.3 μm. The position of the spores in the mother cell is terminal, sometimes a little laterally, and the cell is swollen. The species is motile by peritrichal flagella , so it can move independently.

The cells grow into cream-colored colonies on solid culture media . These are smooth with a slightly shiny surface and translucent. When viewed from above, the colonies are round in shape with a clear border, and when viewed from the side, they are slightly raised.

Growth and metabolism

Sporosarcina psychrophila is heterotrophic , it does not photosynthesize . The metabolism is based on respiration or fermentation . The species also shows growth under anaerobic conditions, i.e. with the exclusion of oxygen. The pH value for best growth is 7. No growth occurs at pH values ​​of 5.6 or 5.7. The optimal temperature for growth is between 20 and 25 ° C. Growth occurs within 0 to 30 ° C. For this reason the species name was chosen, the species is psychrophilic , so it still shows growth at relatively low temperatures. Spore formation also takes place at 0 ° C. Small amounts of sodium chloride (table salt) in the nutrient medium are tolerated. With 2% sodium chloride growth occurs, with 4% NaCl the growth is variable and with 7% NaCl there is no further growth. A nutrient medium containing peptone and glucose can be used for cultivation .

Biochemical features, such as the enzymes present, can be used in a “ colorful row ” to identify S. psychrophila . In addition to the positive catalase and oxidase test , the following features can be used to distinguish it from the other types: It can reduce nitrate to nitrite , but this denitrification does not produce any gas (molecular nitrogen ). The urease test is positive, the species has the enzyme urease and is therefore able to break down the urea contained in the urine . Several species of the genus Sporosarcina are able to use urea ( Latin urea ), examples are S. ureaea and S. pasteurii . Also, gelatin is hydrolysis recycled. However, it cannot hydrolyze starch , nor can it utilize casein . The Voges-Proskauer reaction and the indole test are negative. It does not have the enzymes arginine dihydrolase (ADH), lysine decarboxylase (LDC) or ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and therefore can not break down the amino acids arginine , lysine and ornithine .

Glucose is used under anaerobic conditions . The bacterium uses the carbohydrates fructose , galactose , glucose, maltose , ribose , sucrose , trehalose and xylose , as well as the sugar alcohol mannitol . This creates acid, but not gas. Other organic compounds that it can use as a carbon source are acetate , fumarate , malate and succinate , but citric acid is not used.

The differentiation to Sporosarcina globispora (previously known as Bacillus globisporus ) was controversial until 1984 . The two species show similarities in many metabolic physiological and biochemical characteristics, but can be differentiated based on the following characteristics:

Features to differentiate between S. psychrophila and S. globispora
features S. psychrophila S. globispora
Fermentation of D - ribose + -
Fermentation of trehalose + -
Fermentation of D - xylose + -
Fermentation of D - mannitol + -
Nitrate reduction + -
Growth at 30 ° C + -
Growth in a nutrient medium with 3% NaCl + -

Chemotaxonomic Features

The murein layer in the cell wall contains the diamino acid L - lysine as a diagnostically important amino acid in position 3 of the peptide bridge. The peptidoglycan type is A4α (an aminodicarboxylic acid - an amino acid with two carboxy groups - connects two tetrapeptides), the aminodicarboxylic acid is D - glutamic acid . As usual for Sporosarcina species, the main menaquinone is MK-7. The fatty acid mainly occurring in the membrane lipids is the branched fatty acid with the abbreviation anteiso -C 15: 0 ( anteiso - pentadecanoic acid ), its proportion is 68%. The GC content in the bacterial DNA is 40 to 41 mol percent. The genome has not yet been fully sequenced (as of 2014) . However, the nucleotides of the 16S rRNA, a typical representative of ribosomal RNA for prokaryotes , were determined for phylogenetic studies .

Pathogenicity

Sporosarcina psychrophila is not pathogenic ("pathogenic"), it is assigned to risk group 1 by the Biological Agents Ordinance in conjunction with the TRBA ( Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466 .

Systematics

The species Sporosarcina psychrophila belongs to the Planococcaceae family . This family is placed in the firmicutes division . The species was by John M. Larkin and Jacob L. Stokes in 1967 in its investigation of psychrophilic Bacillus strains firstdescribed and first as Bacillus psychrophilus referred.

In the 1970s, further investigations on this species and on the species Bacillus globisporus, also first described by Larkin and Stokes, showed a great similarity. This related to the phenotypic characteristics, which could not be distinguished with the biochemical investigation methods customary at the time. In 1979, H.-J. Rüger and G. Richter examined the type strains of the two species on the composition of the cell wall and the GC content in the bacterial DNA and could only determine minimal differences. They then suggested that B. psychrophilus is not a separate species, but is identical to B. globisporus and that the name B. psychrophilus is therefore only a synonym for the latter. This view was accepted, so that according to the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria in the list of approved taxa ( Approved Lists of Bacterial Names ) published in 1980, this species was not listed.

It was not until the research by Lawrence K. Nakamura in 1984 that the opposite was proven. Nakamura examined eleven bacterial strains that were assigned to B. globisporus , but six of which were previously listed as B. psychrophilus . In fact, these six strains form a genetically uniform group that can be distinguished from the other strains. As confirmed earlier, there are many similarities in terms of metabolic physiological and biochemical characteristics, but Nakamura was also able to find enough characteristics in which the B. psychrophilus strains behave uniformly and can be distinguished from the B. globisporus strains. Based on these results, he proposed the name B. psychrophilus sp. nov. nom. rev. before (sp. nov. for species nova , Latin for "new species" and nom. rev. for nomen revictum , Latin for "resumed name"), which was recognized in 1989 according to the guidelines of the systematics of bacteria . Bacillus psychrophilus Larkin and Stokes 1967 is considered a basonym .

The research results of Jung-Hoon Yoon u. a. In 2001, several Bacillus species were assigned to the genus Sporosarcina , this also applies to S. psychrophila . The term Bacillus psychrophilus is used as a synonym (both with Larkin and Stokes as well as with Nakamura as the author of the taxon). The type strain is S. psychrophila ATCC 23304 (= NRRL NRS-1530), this bacterial strain can be traced back directly to the isolate investigated by Larkin and Stokes (strain W16A). Numerous bacterial strains of S. psychrophila are deposited in various collections of microorganisms .

etymology

The generic name Sporosarcina is derived from the Greek word spora ("spore") and the Latin word sarcina ("bundle") and refers to the appearance of these spore-forming bacteria. The species name S. psychrophila refers to psychrophilia, i.e. growth at relatively low temperatures.

Occurrence and meaning

The species has been found in soil and river water .

Under high osmolality growth conditions , Sporosarcina psychrophila produces ectoine . It belongs to the group of compatible solutes and shows high solubility in water with strong water-binding properties.

The enzyme pyruvate kinase produced by S. psychrophila was examined and compared with that of Bacillus licheniformis and B. stearothermophilus (now referred to as Geobacillus stearothermophilus ). The types of bacteria differ in terms of their growth temperatures and represent psychrophilic, mesophilic or thermophilic organisms. The genes that code for the enzyme were transferred to Escherichia coli as the host in order to clarify the nucleotide sequence . In addition, the gene was also fully expressed so that the host bacterium produced pyruvate kinase. The investigation of the enzyme properties shows that the thermostability of the enzyme from B. stearothermophilus is greatest, the optimal temperature for the enzyme activity varies according to the bacterial species from which the enzyme was isolated.

Similar to Sporosarcina pasteurii , S. psychrophila is also able to produce calcium carbonate because it too has the enzyme urease . Here, too, a technical application of biomineralization was considered in order to preserve the surface of limestone . In practice, a wide range of environmental conditions are encountered; in particular, the temperature at which the biomineralization is to take place does not always correspond to the optimal growth temperature of the bacteria. The advantage of S. psychrophila over S. pasteurii is that it grows at lower temperatures, so that it could be used as an alternative to the mesophilic species. However, tests under practical conditions with limestone samples showed that the formation of calcium carbonate in S. psychrophila is significantly lower than the tests in nutrient media would have suggested.

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literature

  • Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 377-380 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i J. M. Larkin, JL Stokes: Taxonomy of psychrophilic strains of Bacillus. In: Journal of bacteriology. Volume 94, No. 4, October 1967, pp. 889-895, ISSN  0021-9193 . PMID 6051360 . PMC 276750 (free full text).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j L. K. Nakamura: Bacillus psychrophilus sp. nov., nom. rev. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 34, No. 2, April 1984, pp. 121-123, ISSN  0020-7713 . doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-34-2-121 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 377-380 .
  4. ↑ a b J. H. Yoon, KC Lee, N. Weiss, YH Kho, KH Kang and YH Park: Sporosarcina aquimarina sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from seawater in Korea, and transfer of Bacillus globisporus (Larkin and Stokes 1967), Bacillus psychrophilus (Nakamura 1984) and Bacillus pasteurii (Chester 1898) to the genus Sporosarcina as Sporosarcina globispora comb. nov., Sporosarcina psychrophila comb. nov. and Sporosarcina pasteurii comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Sporosarcina. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 51, No. 3, May 2001, pp. 1079-1086, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-51-3-1079 . PMID 11411676 .
  5. ↑ Sporosarcina psychrophila gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain: NBRC 15381. In: Website Nucleotide of Sporosarcina psychrophila of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Retrieved February 13, 2014 .
  6. ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). April 25, 2012, p. 208 , accessed January 7, 2014 .
  7. ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Part: Genus Sporosarcina. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved February 14, 2014 .
  8. ↑ H.-J. Rüger, G. Richter: Bacillus psychrophilus Larkin and Stokes 1967, a Later Subjective Synonym of Bacillus globisporus Larkin and Stokes 1967. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 29, No. 3, July 1979, pp. 194-195, ISSN  0020-7713 . doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-29-3-194 .
  9. ↑ Approved Lists of Bacterial Names . In: VBD Skerman, Vicki McGowan, PHA Sneath (Eds.): International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 30 , no. 1 , January 1, 1980, ISSN  0020-7713 , p. 225-420 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-30-1-225 .
  10. ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Abbreviations. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved February 15, 2014 .
  11. ↑ VBD Skerman, Vicki McGowan, PHA Sneath (Eds.): Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (Amended) . 2nd Edition. ASM Press, Washington (DC), USA 1989, ISBN 978-1-55581-014-6 ( online ).
  12. ↑ Taxonomy Browser Sporosarcina psychrophila. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website . Retrieved February 13, 2014 .
  13. ↑ Strain Passport Sporosarcina psychrophila. In: StrainInfo website (information collected about bacterial strains in over 60 biological resource centers (BRCs)). Retrieved February 15, 2014 .
  14. ↑ AU Kuhlmann, E. Bremer: Osmotically regulated synthesis of the compatible solute ectoine in Bacillus pasteurii and related Bacillus spp. In: Applied and environmental microbiology. Volume 68, No. 2, February 2002, pp. 772-783, ISSN  0099-2240 . PMID 11823218 . PMC 126723 (free full text).
  15. ↑ K. Tanaka, H. Sakai et al. a .: Molecular cloning of the genes for pyruvate kinase of two bacilli, Bacillus psychrophilus and Bacillus licheniformis, and comparison of the properties of the enzymes produced in Escherichia coli. In: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry . Vol 59, No. 8, August 1995, pp. 1536-1542, ISSN  0916-8451 . PMID 7549104 .
  16. ^ W. De Muynck, K. Verbeken et al. a .: Influence of temperature on the effectiveness of a biogenic carbonate surface treatment for limestone conservation. In: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . Volume 97, No. 3, February 2013, pp. 1335-1347, ISSN  1432-0614 . doi : 10.1007 / s00253-012-3997-0 . PMID 22426701 .