Sporosarcina pasteurii

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Sporosarcina pasteurii
Systematics
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Planococcaceae
Genre : Sporosarcina
Type : Sporosarcina pasteurii
Scientific name
Sporosarcina pasteurii
(Miquel 1889) Yoon et al. 2001

Sporosarcina pasteurii is a type of bacteria that is able tobreak down urea . It belongs to the Firmicutes department . Because of the rod-shaped cells and the ability to form endospores, it was previouslyassigned tothe genus Bacillus . Sporosarcina pasteurii is able toproduce calcium carbonate in certain nutrient media, which makes it interesting for applications in biomineralization as a natural producer of cement .

features

Appearance

The cells of Sporosarcina pasteurii are rod-shaped . You are gram positive . The diameter of the cells is between 0.5 and –1.2 μm in width and 1.3 to 4.0 μm in length. They occur singly or in pairs. Like all species of the genus, S. pasteurii forms endospores . The position of the spherical spores in the mother cell is terminal, but the cell is not swollen. In the light microscope image they can be seen as bright, refractive shapes. The species is motile , so it can move independently.

Growth and metabolism

Sporosarcina pasteurii is heterotrophic , it does not photosynthesize . The metabolism is based on respiration or fermentation . The species also shows growth under anaerobic conditions, i.e. with the exclusion of oxygen. The pH value for best growth is pH 9. S. pasteurii is therefore alkaliphilic , so it prefers high pH values. The optimal temperature for growth is 30 ° C. Furthermore, S. pasteurii is halotolerant and grows with a sodium chloride content of 10%. A liquid nutrient medium can be used for cultivation , which in addition to peptone and yeast extract also contains 2% urea or ammonium chloride .

The urease test is positive, the species has the enzyme urease and is therefore able to break down the urea contained in the urine . Several species of the genus Sporosarcina are able to use urea ( Latin urea ), e.g. B. Sporosarcina ureae . Like all Sporosarcina species, S. pasteurii is positive in the catalase and oxidase test . It is also able to utilize gelatine by hydrolysis , but not to hydrolyze starch .

The fact that S. pasteurii produces calcium carbonate , which can be used as "bio-cement" (compare cement ), is of importance for applications of biomineralization . On the one hand, the enzyme urease is responsible for this: S. pasteurii can break down urea with the help of urease. The urea (NH 2 -CO-NH 2 ) is "split" (hydrolyzed ) by reacting with water (H 2 O). At the alkaline pH value in which it grows optimally, ammonium ions (NH 4 + ) and carbonate ions:

If calcium ions are present in the nutrient medium , they react with the carbonate ions to form poorly soluble calcium carbonate:

The calcium carbonate is deposited as a precipitate ( synthetic calcium carbonate ) or crystallizes out as calcite .

Chemotaxonomic Features

The murein layer in the cell wall contains the diamino acid L - lysine as a diagnostically important amino acid in position 3 of the peptide bridge. The peptidoglycan type is A4α (an aminodicarboxylic acid - an amino acid with two carboxy groups - connects two tetrapeptides), the aminodicarboxylic acid is D - aspartic acid . As usual for Sporosarcina species, the main menaquinone is MK-7. The fatty acid mainly occurring in the membrane lipids is the branched fatty acid with the abbreviation anteiso -C 15: 0 ( anteiso - pentadecanoic acid ), its proportion is 49%. The branched-chain fatty acid with the abbreviation iso -C 14: 0 ( iso - tetradecanoic acid ) occurs in 15% .

The GC content (the proportion of the nucleobases guanine and cytosine ) in the bacterial DNA is 38.5 mol percent. The genome of the bacterial strain S. pasteurii NCIM 2477 was 2,013 fully sequenced , and 2014 (draft draft ) published. This is the bacterial strain that is being intensively researched because of its ability to biomineralize, in order to be able to use it as a producer of "bio-cement". Previously, the nucleotides of 16S rRNA, a typical representative of ribosomal RNA for prokaryotes , were determined for phylogenetic studies .

Pathogenicity

Sporosarcina pasteurii is not pathogenic ("pathogenic"), it is assigned to risk group 1 by the Biological Agents Ordinance in conjunction with the TRBA ( Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466 .

Systematics

The species Sporosarcina pasteurii belongs to the Planococcaceae family . This family is placed in the firmicutes division . The species was by Miquel in 1889 in the study of fermentation processes for urea and ammonium firstdescribed and first as pasteurii Urobacillus out. Further investigations by Chester in 1898 led to the assignment to the genus Bacillus as Bacillus pasteurii . The research results of Jung-Hoon Yoon u. a. In 2001, several Bacillus species were assigned to the genus Sporosarcina , this also applies to S. pasteurii . The terms Bacillus pasteurii and Urobacillus pasteurii are used as synonyms . The type strain is S. pasteurii ATCC 11859. Numerous bacterial strains of S. pasteurii are deposited in various collections of microorganisms .

etymology

The generic name Sporosarcina is derived from the Greek word spora ("spore") and the Latin word sarcina ("bundle") and refers to the appearance of these spore-forming bacteria. The species name S. pasteurii was chosen in honor of Louis Pasteur .

Occurrence and meaning

The species has been found in water, sewage , soil, and urinals .

Calcium carbonate , a component of limestone , is used in cement and is produced by Sporosarcina pasteurii .

Sporosarcina pasteurii is one of the microorganisms whose biomineralization is being intensively investigated in order to enable technical applications based on their ability to produce calcium carbonate . The advantage here is the high activity of the urease formed during substrate degradation, with which a large amount of calcium carbonate can be formed as biominerals if there are enough calcium ions in the nutrient medium. It is just as important that S. pasteurii, as an alkaliphilic organism, tolerates the high pH values ​​necessary for biomineralization.

Suitable mixtures of S. pasteurii in nutrient media can serve as a seal for cracks and crevices both in buildings and in natural limestone formations. The environmentally friendly production of cement ("bio-cement") is also possible. It can also be used in the restoration of buildings made of bricks and in the renovation of concrete . Biomedical application is also discussed.

Studies have shown that as a culture medium, a waste product of dairies is suitable, these are the so-called lactose - mother liquor ( lactose mother liquor , abbreviated LML ). This is a liquid that is left over when lactose is separated and contains calcium ions from milk in a mass concentration of 353 mg / l ( milligrams per liter). LML thus represents a cheap alternative to conventional nutrient media in order to obtain a mortar-like component together with sterilized sand after inoculation with S. pasteurii . A urease activity of 353 U / ml is determined in the mixture (U - enzyme unit - is the unit for the catalytic activity ). The material cemented with the help of the bacterium consists of 24% calcite . In addition, mutants of a bacterial strain were generated by irradiation with UV light . The mutant designated as Bp M-3 ( Bp as an abbreviation for Bacillus pasteurii ) shows the highest urease activity and produces the most calcite in comparison with the wild type.

In 2013, attempts were made to connect bricks to masonry with the help of S. pasteurii . A nutrient medium ( OptU ) is used, which enables an optimal production of urease. In addition to glucose, yeast extract and urea, this medium containing magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 · 7 H 2 O), nickel (II) sulfate (NiSO 4 · 6 H 2 O), calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), as well as buffer substances or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K 2 HPO 4 ) and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ). Together with the bacteria it contains (the S. pasteurii NCIM 2477 strain ), it is used as a kind of mortar into which the bricks are dipped. Various parameters such as pH, urea degradation and calcite formation were monitored during the 28-day curing . In addition, it was investigated how biomineralization affects the water absorption capacity and compressive strength . The bricks treated with the OptU nutrient medium show better results compared to those treated with a conventional nutrient medium (nutrient broth), i.e. a higher compressive strength and a lower water absorption capacity. Based on these results, commercial use is aimed for, for example in the repair or installation of bricks in girders . The restoration of cracks in the masonry of historical buildings should also be made possible in this way, for example when using cement mortar enriched with bacteria when renovating architectural monuments .

As early as 2001, concrete blocks were made from cement mortar which either contained bacteria through the Portland cement mixed with S. pasteurii or in which cracks were filled with the bacterium in a nutrient medium. The mixtures with a rather low cell count show the best results in terms of compressive strength. The concrete blocks repaired with bacterial material also show an increased value for compressive strength and flexural strength .

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literature

  • Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 377-380 .
  • Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, Erko Stackebrandt (eds.): The Prokaryotes. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria, Volume 4: Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria . 3. Edition. Springer-Verlag, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25494-4 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 377-380 .
  2. ↑ Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock Microbiology. German translation edited by Werner Goebel, 1st edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg / Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8274-0566-1 , pp. 564-566.
  3. ↑ a b c d Ralph A. Slepecky, H. Ernest Hemphill: The Genus Bacillus - Nonmedical (Chapter 1.2.16) . In: Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, Erko Stackebrandt (eds.): The Prokaryotes. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria, Volume 4: Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria . 3. Edition. Springer-Verlag, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25494-4 , pp. 530-543 , doi : 10.1007 / 0-387-30744-3_16 .
  4. ↑ a b c J. H. Yoon, KC Lee, N. Weiss, YH Kho, KH Kang and YH Park: Sporosarcina aquimarina sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from seawater in Korea, and transfer of Bacillus globisporus (Larkin and Stokes 1967), Bacillus psychrophilus (Nakamura 1984) and Bacillus pasteurii (Chester 1898) to the genus Sporosarcina as Sporosarcina globispora comb. nov., Sporosarcina psychrophila comb. nov. and Sporosarcina pasteurii comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Sporosarcina In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 51, No. 3, May 2001, pp. 1079-1086, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-51-3-1079 . PMID 11411676 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f P. K. Tiwari, K. Joshi u. a .: Draft Genome Sequence of Urease-Producing Sporosarcina pasteurii with Potential Application in Biocement Production. In: Genome announcements. Volume 2, No. 1, January 2014, pp. E01256-13, ISSN  2169-8287 . doi : 10.1128 / genomeA.01256-13 . PMID 24482521 . PMC 3907736 (free full text).
  6. ↑ Sporosarcina pasteurii NCIM 2477 Genome sequencing. In: BioProject website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Retrieved February 9, 2014 .
  7. ↑ B. pasteurii 16S ribosomal RNA. In: Nucleotide of Sporosarcina pasteurii website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Retrieved February 9, 2014 .
  8. ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). April 25, 2012, p. 208 , accessed January 7, 2014 .
  9. ↑ a b c d Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Sporosarcina. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved February 9, 2014 .
  10. ^ P. Miquel: Etude sur la fermantation ammoniacale et sur les ferments de l'uree. In: Annales Micrographie. Volume 1, 1889, pp. 506-519.
  11. ↑ Taxonomy Browser Sporosarcina pasteurii. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website . Retrieved February 9, 2014 .
  12. ↑ Strain Passport Sporosarcina pasteurii. In: StrainInfo website (information collected about bacterial strains in over 60 biological resource centers (BRCs)). Retrieved February 9, 2014 .
  13. ↑ a b V. Achal, A. Mukherjee, PC Basu, MS Reddy: Lactose mother liquor as an alternative nutrient source for microbial concrete production by Sporosarcina pasteurii. In: Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology. Volume 36, No. 3, March 2009, pp. 433-438, ISSN  1476-5535 . doi : 10.1007 / s10295-008-0514-7 . PMID 19107535 .
  14. ^ A b S. H. Raut, DD Sarode, SS Lele: Biocalcification using B. pasteurii for strengthening brick masonry civil engineering structures. In: World journal of microbiology & biotechnology. Volume 30, No. 1, January 2014, pp. 191-200, ISSN  1573-0972 . doi : 10.1007 / s11274-013-1439-5 . PMID 23884843 .
  15. ^ A b Santhosh K. Ramachandran, V. Ramakrishnan, Sookie S. Bang: Remediation of Concrete Using Microorganisms. In: ACI Materials Journal. Volume 98, No. 1, January 2001, pp. 3-9, online .
  16. ^ V. Achal, A. Mukherjee u. a .: Strain improvement of Sporosarcina pasteurii for enhanced urease and calcite production. In: Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology. Volume 36, No. 7, July 2009, pp. 981-988, ISSN  1476-5535 . doi : 10.1007 / s10295-009-0578-z . PMID 19408027 .