Sporosarcina

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Sporosarcina
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Planococcaceae
Genre : Sporosarcina
Scientific name
Sporosarcina
Kluyver and van Niel emend in 1936. Yoon et al. 2001

Sporosarcina is a genus of bacteria . The name is derived from the Greek word spora ("spore") and the Latin word sarcina ("package", "bundle") and refers to the fact that this type of bacteria forms spores and the typical arrangement of the cells. Sporosarcina is related to the endospore-forming genus Bacillus . The type species is Sporosarcina ureae .

features

Appearance

The cells of the species of Sporosarcina are gram-positive . They are either rod-shaped or coconut -shaped . As with species of the genus Sarcina, the cells are in a special arrangement that is due to cell division. In the light microscope image, cube-shaped packets made up of eight or more connected cocci, so-called packet cocci or sarcines, can be seen. Sporosarcina forms spherical endospores . The majority of the species is motile . The species Sporosarcina soli is an exception .

Growth and metabolism

All types of Sporosarcina are heterotrophic , they do not photosynthesize . Some species are strictly aerobic ; H. dependent on oxygen. Others are facultatively aerobic, they can also live in the absence of oxygen. The latter include e.g. B. S. aquimarina , S. globispora and S. pasteurii . The catalase and oxidase tests are positive. Starch cannot be hydrolyzed . In terms of the ability to reduce nitrate to nitrite , the types of Sporosarcina behave differently.

The temperatures for optimal growth are between 20 and 30 ° C. The pH value is between 6.5 and 8. For the species S. ureae, the pH value for best growth is 7. The optimal temperature for growth for this species is 25 ° C. S. ureae is one of the bacteria that can utilize urea , it has the enzyme urease . The type S. pasteurii carried best growth at 30 ° C and pH 9. The endospores formed are heat- resistant .

Chemotaxonomic Features

The murein layer in the cell wall contains the diamino acid L - lysine as a diagnostically important amino acid in position 3 of the peptide bridge. The spore coat contains meso - diaminopimelic acid , although this compound is not found in the cell wall of the vegetative cells of Sporosarcina . The main menaquinone is MK-7. Sporosarcina species have a high proportion of branched fatty acid chains in their membrane lipids . This is v. a. around the fatty acid with the abbreviation anteiso -C 15: 0 ( anteiso - pentadecanoic acid ), which, in addition to the methyl group (-CH 3 ), which represents the branch, also has the special feature that it has a total of 15 carbon atoms to the odd numbered fatty acids heard. The GC content in the bacterial DNA is 38 to 42 mol percent, which corresponds to the classification in the Firmicutes department and confirms the relationship to Bacillus species.

Systematics

The genus Sporosarcina in the family Planococcaceae is placed in the order of the Bacillales . Here is a list of some types:

In the 1970s, it was recognized that S. ureae is related to Bacillus species, particularly Bacillus pasteurii . The relationship was confirmed by genetic studies in 1992, in which the 16S rRNA, a representative of ribosomal RNA typical of prokaryotes, was examined. Investigations by Jung-Hoon Yoon et al. a. led in 2001 to the fact that several Bacillus species were assigned to the genus Sporosarcina , this applies, for example, to S. pasteurii . In the systematics of the bacteria this was taken into account by assignment to the common order Bacillales in the department of Firmicutes.

Some formerly the genus Sporosarcina associated species were to the genus Paenisporosarcina transferred z. B. the original species Sporosarcina macmurdoensis Reddy et al. 2003 now as Paenisporosarcina macmurdoensis (Reddy et al. 2003) Krishnamurthi et al. 2009 led.

ecology

Many species also grow at temperatures below 10 ° C. The species Sporosarcina psychrophila still shows growth at 4 ° C, optimal growth occurs at 25 ° C. Many species are also halotolerant and show growth in nutrient media with a NaCl (table salt) content of 3 to 15%. Like other endospore-forming bacteria, Sporosarcina species are typically found in the soil . Some types, such as B. S. ureae , as already mentioned, have the enzyme urease and are therefore able to break down the urea contained in the urine . The species forms highest population densities in soils that are subject to the influence of urine. These include B. Meadows where cows are kept. S. ureae thus plays an important role in the ecosystem .

literature

  • Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman (Eds.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 3 : The Firmicutes . Springer, New York 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-0-387-68489-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h JH Yoon, KC Lee, N. Weiss, YH Kho, KH Kang, YH Park: Sporosarcina aquimarina sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from seawater in Korea, and transfer of Bacillus globisporus (Larkin and Stokes 1967), Bacillus psychrophilus (Nakamura 1984) and Bacillus pasteurii (Chester 1898) to the genus Sporosarcina as Sporosarcina globispora comb. nov., Sporosarcina psychrophila comb. nov. and Sporosarcina pasteurii comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Sporosarcina . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 51 , part 3, May 2001, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 1079-1086 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-51-3-1079 , PMID 11411676 .
  2. ^ A b Hans G. Schlegel, Christiane Zaborosch: General microbiology . 7th edition. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart / New York 1992, ISBN 3-13-444607-3 , p. 25, 96, 472 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Dieter Claus, Dagmar Fritze, Miloslav Kocur: Genera Related to the Genus Bacillus - Sporolactobacillus, Sporosarcina, Planococcus, Filibacter and Caryophanon . In: Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, Erko Stackebrandt (eds.): The Prokaryotes. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria . 3. Edition. tape 4 : Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria . Springer-Verlag, New York 2006, ISBN 0-387-30744-3 , Chapter 1.2.19, pp. 631-641 , doi : 10.1007 / 0-387-30744-3_19 .
  4. ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Part: Genus Sporosarcina. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved December 15, 2018 .
  5. ↑ JAE Farrow, Carol Ash, Sally Wallbanks, MD Collins: Phylogenetic analysis of the genera Planococcus, Marinococcus and Sporosarcina and their relationships to members of the genus Bacillus . In: FEMS microbiology letters . tape 93 , no. 2 , June 1992, ISSN  0378-1097 , pp. 167-172 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1574-6968.1992.tb05084.x , PMID 1505740 .
  6. ^ A b Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko: Brock Microbiology . 11th edition. Addison-Wesley Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8273-7187-2 .