Sporosarcina globispora

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Sporosarcina globispora
Systematics
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Planococcaceae
Genre : Sporosarcina
Type : Sporosarcina globispora
Scientific name
Sporosarcina globispora
( Larkin and Stokes 1967) Yoon et al. 2001

Sporosarcina globispora is a species of bacteria . It belongs to the Firmicutes department . Because of the rod-shaped cells and the ability to form endospores, it was previouslyassigned tothe genus Bacillus .

features

Appearance

The cells are rod-shaped with rounded ends. You are gram positive . The diameter of the cells is between 0.9-1.0 μm in width and 2.5-4.0 μm in length. They occur singly or in pairs. Sporosarcina globispora , like all species of the genus, forms endospores . The diameter of the spherical endospores is between 1.0 and 1.1 μm. The position of the spores in the mother cell is terminal, sometimes a little laterally, and the cell is swollen. The species is motile (can move itself) by some, peritriche flagella .

The cells grow into cream-colored colonies on solid culture media . When viewed from above, these are irregularly shaped with a lobed edge, when viewed from the side, they are raised.

Growth and metabolism

The species Sporosarcina globispora is heterotrophic , it does not perform photosynthesis . The metabolism is based on respiration or fermentation . The species also shows growth under anaerobic conditions, i.e. with the exclusion of oxygen. The pH for best growth is 7. No growth occurs at pH 5.6. The optimal temperature for growth is between 20 and 25 ° C. The species shows spore formation but also normal growth at 0 ° C, making it psychrophilic . Small amounts of sodium chloride (table salt) in the nutrient medium are tolerated. With 2% sodium chloride growth occurs, with 4% NaCl the growth is variable and with 7% NaCl there is no further growth. A nutrient medium containing peptone and glucose can be used for cultivation .

Biochemical features, such as the enzymes present, can be used in a “colored row” to identify S. globispora . In addition to the positive catalase and oxidase test , the following features can be used to distinguish it from the other types: The test for nitrate reduction is negative, it is not able to reduce nitrate to nitrite . As Sporosarcina psychrophila and other members of the genus Sporosarcina it has the enzyme urease to urea to utilize, also gelatin is hydrolysis recycled. However, it cannot hydrolyze starch . Nor can it utilize casein . The Voges-Proskauer reaction and the indole test are negative. It does not have the enzymes arginine dihydrolase (ADH), lysine decarboxylase (LDC) or ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and therefore can not break down the amino acids arginine , lysine and ornithine . Several carbohydrates are broken down, acid is formed, but no gas. The usable carbohydrates include glucose , lactose and sucrose , as well as the sugar alcohol glycerin (glycerol). Arabinose , xylose and the sugar alcohol mannitol are not used .

The distinction between S. globispora and S. psychrophila (previously known as Bacillus psychrophilus ) was controversial until 1984. Nakamura examined strains of both species and thus expanded our knowledge of S. globispora . It is able to utilize the carbohydrates D - fructose , D - galactose and maltose . Not be utilized cellobiose , D - mannose , melibiose , D - ribose and trehalose . According to Nakamura's results, lactose is not broken down, which is in contrast to the results of Larkin and Stokes. Other organic compounds that it can use as a source of carbon are acetate , fumarate , malate and succinate , but citric acid is not used. Nakamura determined the characteristics in which S. globispora and S. psychrophila differ (see overview ).

Chemotaxonomic Features

The murein layer in the cell wall contains the diamino acid L - lysine as a diagnostically important amino acid in position 3 of the peptide bridge. The peptidoglycan type is A4α (an aminodicarboxylic acid - an amino acid with two carboxy groups - connects two tetrapeptides), the aminodicarboxylic acid is D - glutamic acid . As usual for Sporosarcina species, the main menaquinone is MK-7. The fatty acid mainly occurring in the membrane lipids is the branched fatty acid with the abbreviation anteiso -C 15: 0 ( anteiso - pentadecanoic acid ), its proportion is 62%. The GC content in the bacterial DNA is 40 mol percent. The genome has not yet been fully sequenced (as of 2014) . However, the nucleotides of the 16S rRNA, a typical representative of ribosomal RNA for prokaryotes , were determined for phylogenetic studies .

The difficulty of distinguishing S. globispora and S. psychrophila from each other is also evident in their 16S rRNA, which only differs in a few nucleotides. This is explained by the unusually slow rate of evolution of this molecule. However, molecular biological investigations of genes that code for two proteins show clear differences, which are interpreted as divergence and thus confirm the establishment of two types. These results show that the 16S rRNA is not suitable for phylogenetic studies in all cases, but that the nucleotide sequence of protein-coding genes can also be used to determine the relationships.

Pathogenicity

Sporosarcina globispora is not pathogenic ("pathogenic"), it is assigned to risk group 1 by the Biological Agents Ordinance in conjunction with the TRBA ( Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466 .

Systematics

The species Sporosarcina globispora belongs to the Planococcaceae family . This family is placed in the firmicutes division . The species was by John M. Larkin and Jacob L. Stokes in 1967 in its investigation of psychrophilic Bacillus strains firstdescribed and first as Bacillus globisporus out. Until 1984 it was assumed that Bacillus psychrophilus is identical to Bacillus globisporus and the former is a synonym , which was refuted by Nakamura. The research results of Jung-Hoon Yoon u. a. In 2001, several Bacillus species were assigned to the genus Sporosarcina , this also applies to S. globispora . The name Bacillus globisporus is used as a synonym. The type strain is S. globispora ATCC 23301, this bacterial strain can be traced back directly to the isolate investigated by Larkin and Stokes (strain W25). Numerous bacterial strains of S. globispora are deposited in various collections of microorganisms .

etymology

The generic name Sporosarcina is derived from the Greek word spora ("spore") and the Latin word sarcina ("bundle") and refers to the appearance of these spore-forming bacteria. The species name S. globispora refers to the spherical spores of this species ( globus is a Latin word and means something like "ball").

ecology

Sporosarcina globispora has been isolated from soil and river water. An examination of an ice core from a glacier in Greenland found around 800 microorganisms, including S. globispora .

swell

literature

  • Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g J. M. Larkin, JL Stokes: Taxonomy of psychrophilic strains of Bacillus. In: Journal of bacteriology. Volume 94, No. 4, October 1967, pp. 889-895, ISSN  0021-9193 . PMID 6051360 . PMC 276750 (free full text).
  2. ^ A b c Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f L. K. Nakamura: Bacillus psychrophilus sp. nov., nom. rev. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 34, No. 2, April 1984, pp. 121-123, ISSN  0020-7713 . doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-34-2-121 .
  4. ↑ a b J. H. Yoon, KC Lee, N. Weiss, YH Kho, KH Kang and YH Park: Sporosarcina aquimarina sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from seawater in Korea, and transfer of Bacillus globisporus (Larkin and Stokes 1967), Bacillus psychrophilus (Nakamura 1984) and Bacillus pasteurii (Chester 1898) to the genus Sporosarcina as Sporosarcina globispora comb. nov., Sporosarcina psychrophila comb. nov. and Sporosarcina pasteurii comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Sporosarcina In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 51, No. 3, May 2001, pp. 1079-1086, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-51-3-1079 . PMID 11411676 .
  5. ↑ B. globisporus rDNA for 16S rRNA (strain W25). In: Nucleotide of Sporosarcina globispora website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Retrieved February 9, 2014 .
  6. ↑ T. Palys, E. Berger et al. a .: Protein-coding genes as molecular markers for ecologically distinct populations: the case of two Bacillus species. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 50, No. 3, May 2000, pp. 1021-1028, ISSN  1466-5026 . PMID 10843041 .
  7. ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). April 25, 2012, p. 207 , accessed January 7, 2014 .
  8. ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Part: Genus Sporosarcina. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved February 8, 2014 .
  9. ↑ Taxonomy Browser Sporosarcina globispora. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website . Retrieved February 9, 2014 .
  10. ↑ Strain Passport Sporosarcina globispora. In: StrainInfo website (information collected about bacterial strains in over 60 biological resource centers (BRCs)). Retrieved February 9, 2014 .
  11. ^ VI Miteva, PP Sheridan, JE Brenchley: Phylogenetic and physiological diversity of microorganisms isolated from a deep greenland glacier ice core. In: Applied and environmental microbiology. Volume 70, No. 1, January 2004, pp. 202-213, ISSN  0099-2240 . PMID 14711643 . PMC 321287 (free full text).