Sporosarcina aquimarina
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| Sporosarcina aquimarina | ||||||||||||
| Yoon et al. 2001 |
Sporosarcina aquimarina is a species of bacteria from the Firmicutes division . The gram test is positive. The GC content of this type is 40%.
features
Appearance
The cells of Sporosarcina aquimarina are rod-shaped . They are gram-positive to gram- variable. The diameter of the cells is between 0.9 and 1.2 μm in width and 2.0 to 3.5 μm in length. Like all species of the genus, S. aquimarina forms endospores . These are located terminally in the mother cell and are round in shape, the cell is swollen. The species is motile by a monopolar flagellum , so it can move independently.
On solid culture media , the cells grow into light orange colonies , which are smooth. When viewed from above, the colonies are round to irregular in shape and raised when viewed from the side.
Metabolism and growth
Sporosarcina aquimarina is heterotrophic , it does not photosynthesize . The metabolism is based on respiration or fermentation . The species also shows growth under anaerobic conditions, i.e. with the exclusion of oxygen, it is facultatively anaerobic. The pH value for best growth is 6.5–7.0. No growth occurs at values below pH 5.0. The species shows growth at 4–37 ° C, the optimal temperature is 25 ° C, at 40 ° C no more growth occurs. S. aquimarina tolerates large amounts of sodium chloride (table salt) in the nutrient medium, the species is halophilic . With 13% sodium chloride growth occurs, with 14% NaCl there is no further growth. For cultivation can trypticase soy agar (as tryptic soy agar, abbreviated TSA) is used to be. In addition, mineral salts must be added, the composition of which corresponds to that of sea water .
Biochemical features, such as the enzymes present, can be used in a “colored row” to identify S. aquimarina . In addition to the positive catalase and oxidase test , the following features can be used to distinguish it from the other types: It can reduce nitrate to nitrite , but this denitrification does not produce any gas (molecular nitrogen ). The urease test is positive, the species has the enzyme urease and is therefore able to break down the urea contained in the urine . Several species of the genus Sporosarcina are able to use urea ( Latin urea ), examples are S. globispora and S. psychrophila . Also, gelatin is hydrolysis recycled. However, it cannot hydrolyze starch , nor can it utilize casein . The indole test is negative. It does not have the enzyme arginine dihydrolase (ADH) and therefore can not break down the amino acid arginine .
Several carbohydrates are broken down, acid is formed, but no gas. The usable carbohydrates include fructose , ribose and D - tagatose , as well as the sugar alcohol glycerin (glycerol). The number of carbohydrates that cannot be used is significantly higher, including D - and L - arabinose , cellobiose , galactose , glucose , lactose , maltose , mannose , melibiose , raffinose , rhamnose , sucrose , sorbose , trehalose and D - and L - xylose . The sugar alcohols dulcitol (galactitol), inositol , mannitol , sorbitol and xylitol are also not broken down.
Chemotaxonomic Features
The murein layer in the cell wall contains the diamino acid L - lysine as a diagnostically important amino acid in position 3 of the peptide bridge. The peptidoglycan type is A4α (an aminodicarboxylic acid - an amino acid with two carboxy groups - connects two tetrapeptides), the aminodicarboxylic acid is D - aspartic acid . As usual for Sporosarcina species, the main menaquinone is MK-7. The fatty acid mainly occurring in the membrane lipids is the branched fatty acid with the abbreviation anteiso -C 15: 0 ( anteiso - pentadecanoic acid ), its proportion is 77%. The GC content in the bacterial DNA is 40 mol percent. The genome has not yet been fully sequenced (as of 2014) . However, the nucleotides of the 16S rRNA, a typical representative of ribosomal RNA for prokaryotes , were determined for phylogenetic studies .
Pathogenicity
Sporosarcina aquimarina is not pathogenic ("pathogenic"), it is assigned to risk group 1 by the Biological Agents Ordinance in conjunction with the TRBA ( Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466 .
Systematics
The species Sporosarcina aquimarina belongs to the Planococcaceae family . This family is placed in the firmicutes division . The species was developed by Jung-Hoon Yoon et al. a. First described in 2001 . The comparison of the newly discovered bacterial strain with several species that were previously assigned to the genus Bacillus showed that these also belong to the genus Sporosarcina . The name Bacillus aquamarinus is used as a synonym . The type strain is S. aquimarina JCM 10887 (= KCCM 41039), this bacterial strain can be traced directly to that of Yoon u. a. the isolate investigated (strain SW28). Numerous bacterial strains of S. aquimarina are deposited in various collections of microorganisms .
etymology
The generic name Sporosarcina is derived from the Greek word spora ("spore") and the Latin word sarcina ("bundle") and refers to the appearance of these spore-forming bacteria. The species name S. aquimarina is composed of the Latin word aqua (water) and marinus ("lake", "sea") and refers to the occurrence of the species in sea water, S. aquimarina was isolated from sea water in Korea .
ecology
The species was isolated from seawater near Korea.
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literature
- Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 377-380 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 377-380 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k J. H. Yoon, KC Lee, N. Weiss, YH Kho, KH Kang and YH Park: Sporosarcina aquimarina sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from seawater in Korea, and transfer of Bacillus globisporus (Larkin and Stokes 1967), Bacillus psychrophilus (Nakamura 1984) and Bacillus pasteurii (Chester 1898) to the genus Sporosarcina as Sporosarcina globispora comb. nov., Sporosarcina psychrophila comb. nov. and Sporosarcina pasteurii comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Sporosarcina. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Volume 51, No. 3, May 2001, pp. 1079-1086, ISSN 1466-5026 . doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-51-3-1079 . PMID 11411676 .
- ↑ Sporosarcina aquimarina strain SW28 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence. In: Nucleotide of Sporosarcina aquimarina website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Retrieved February 16, 2014 .
- ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). April 25, 2012, p. 207 , accessed January 7, 2014 .
- ^ A b c Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Sporosarcina. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved February 15, 2014 .
- ↑ Taxonomy Browser Sporosarcina aquimarina. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website . Retrieved February 16, 2014 .
- ↑ Strain Passport Yoon SW28 Sporosarcina aquimarina. (No longer available online.) In: StrainInfo website (information collected on bacterial strains in over 60 biological resource centers (BRCs)). Formerly in the original ; accessed on February 16, 2014 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
