Jeotgalicoccus

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Jeotgalicoccus
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Staphylococcaceae
Genre : Jeotgalicoccus
Scientific name
Jeotgalicoccus
Yoon et al. 2003 emend. Liu et al. 2011

Jeotgalicoccus is a genus of bacteria . It belongs tothe Staphylococcaceae family . The genus is named after the Korean fermented seafood Jeotgal , from which the first discovered bacterial species of the newly described genus was isolated. Many members of the genus are halotolerant to halophilic , i.e. that is, they can live in environments with high salt concentrations. Nine different species of Jeotgalicoccus had been discoveredby2011.

features

Appearance

The cells of jeotgalicoccus - types are kokkenförmig and incapable of active movement, they are not motile . They are gram positive and do not form endospores .

Growth and metabolism

Metabolism is facultatively anaerobic in most species ; In other words, they also show growth under anaerobic conditions - i.e. with the exclusion of oxygen - and ferment . One by Zhu-Xiang Liu et al. However, newly discovered species in 2011 is strictly aerobic. Furthermore, the exchange of substances and energy is to be identified as chemoorgano-heterotrophic . The catalase and oxidase tests are positive. Many members of the genus are halotolerant to halophilic , i.e. that is, they can live in environments with high salt concentrations. The pH value for best growth is 7.0-8.0, while at a pH value of less than 5.5 no more growth occurs.

The representatives of the genus do not have the enzyme urease (exception: J. halophilus ) and are not capable of reducing nitrates. You can break down the amino acid tyrosine through hydrolysis . On the other hand, they can not hydrolyze the substrates casein , starch , xanthine and hypoxanthine , nor are they capable of splitting aesculin . This information is based on the first description of the genus (2003) by Jung-Hoon Yoon et al. a., some species discovered and described later show some deviations from this generic description, for example they are not able to hydrolyze tyrosine (see table overview).

The species of the genus can be distinguished based on the following characteristics. With the discovery of other Jeotgalicoccus species, these distinguishing features were expanded.

Features to differentiate the Jeotgalicoccus species
features J. halotolerans (2003) J. psychrophilus (2003) J. pinnipedialis (2004) J. marinus (2009) J. huakuii (2010) J. aerolatus (2011) J. coquinae (2011) J. halophilus (2011) J. nanhaiensis (2011)
Growth at 4 ° C + + - - - - - + +
Growth at 37 ° C + - + + + + + + +
Growth at 42 ° C + or - - + + + + or - + or - - +
Growth at 45 ° C - - - + - - - - +
Growth in a nutrient medium with 0% NaCl + - or + - - + + + - -
Growth in a nutrient medium with 14% NaCl + + - + + + + + +
Growth in a nutrient medium with 20% NaCl + - - + + - - - +
Growth in a nutrient medium with 25% NaCl - - - + - - - - +
Assimilation of L - arabinose with formation of acid + - - + + - - - -
Assimilation of D - fructose with acid formation - - - + + + - + +
Assimilation of D - galactose with formation of acid - - k. D. + - - - - -
Assimilation of D - glucose with acid formation - or + - or + - or (+) + - (+) or - (+) or - + +
Assimilation of D - mannitol with formation of acid + - - + - - + + (only type trunk) +
Assimilation of D - ribose with formation of acid + - - - k. D. - - k. D. +
Urease - - - - - - - + -
Hydrolysis of gelatin - - + - - - + - -
Tyrosine hydrolysis + + or - + - + - + + k. D.

For some tests there are no data (n.d.) for the species, (+) indicates a weak positive result. In some cases, a later investigation by another group of scientists led to a different test result; this is also indicated with reference to the literature reference and the addition “or”.

Chemotaxonomic Features

The murein layer in the cell wall contains the diamino acid L - lysine as a diagnostically important amino acid in position 3 of the peptide bridge. The main menaquinone is MK-7, according to the extended description of the genus, MK-6 can also occur. The fatty acids found in the membrane lipids are mainly molecules with an odd number of carbon atoms (C 15 ) and no double bonds ( saturated fatty acids ). They are branched-chain fatty acids with the abbreviations anteiso -C15: 0 ( anteiso - pentadecanoic acid ) and iso -C15: 0 ( iso- pentadecanoic acid). The GC content (the proportion of the nucleobases guanine and cytosine ) in the bacterial DNA is between 36 and 42 mol percent.

proof

For the isolation of jeotgalicoccus TYPES from environmental samples and for the cultivation of bacteria are suitable culture media , which peptone , yeast extract and mineral salts contained. In addition, most species can be cultivated on Baird Parker Agar (BP), a nutrient medium that is also used for members of the Staphylococcus genus . The examined species grow on BP as black colonies that do not form a halo, so they resemble the colonies of coagulase-negative staphylococci. For a further differentiation, the biochemical characteristics can be examined or genetic examinations can be carried out, such as with the help of PCR ( polymerase chain reaction ).

Systematics

The genus Jeotgalicoccus belongs to the family of the Staphylococcaceae in the order of the Bacillales . The type species is Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans . It was - together with the newly established genus - in 2003 by Jung-Hoon Yoon et al. first described . In 2011 Jeotgalicoccus nanhaiensis was created by Zhu-Xiang Liu et al. a. discovered and first described, this also led to an extended description of the genus. Phylogenetic studies show a close relationship with the genera Salinicoccus ( Ventosa et al. 1990) and Nosocomiicoccus ( Morais et al. 2008). Other related genera are Macrococcus ( Kloos et al. 1998) and Staphylococcus ( Rosenbach 1884), these four genera together with Jeotgalicoccus form the family Staphylococcaceae.

The following species are known (as of March 2015):

Occurrence and meaning

The genus name Jeotgalicoccus is derived from the neo-Latin word Jeotgalum and refers to the location of the first described species. It was isolated from Korean fermented seafood Jeotgal . The habitat of other species includes soils , especially those that are in contact with salty water, such as the sediment of a salt lake or a coastal beach. As a result, many of the species discovered so far are halo-tolerant or halophilic. Jeotgalicoccus species have also been isolated from living things , for example from the oral flora of a seal or from a sea ​​urchin .

Similar to Micrococcus species, Jeotgalicoccus has also been detected in the air or on dust. Scientists at the Technical University of Munich therefore suspect that Jeotgalicoccus species are widespread in the environment, but that they have not yet been discovered or identified. One reason for this is the similarity with the genus Staphylococcus , with which they can easily be confused and which - in contrast to Jeotgalicoccus - has been known for a long time. The scientists therefore refer to the genus as “ almost entirely unknown ”. At the same time, they suggest using cultivation on Baird-Parker agar to conduct epidemiological studies on the spread of Jeotgalicoccus species in order to find out more about the metabolism, but also about possible pathogenicity of the bacteria.

swell

literature

  • M. Dworkin (Ed.): The prokaryotes: a handbook on the biology of bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria , Vol. 4, 3rd ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. ISBN 0-3872-5494-3
  • Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 3: The Firmicutes . ISBN 978-0387950419

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l J. H. Yoon, KC Lee u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus sp. nov., isolated from the traditional Korean fermented seafood jeotgal. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 53, No. 2, March 2003, pp. 595-602, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.02132-0 . PMID 12710632 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Zhu-Xiang Liu, Jun Chen u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus nanhaiensis sp. nov., isolated from intertidal sediment, and emended description of the genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 61, No. 9, September 2011, pp. 2029-2034, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.022871-0 . PMID 20851914 .
  3. ↑ a b c d X. Q. Guo, R. Li and a .: Jeotgalicoccus huakuii sp. nov., a halotolerant bacterium isolated from seaside soil In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 60, No. 6, June 2010, pp. 1307-1310, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.013623-0 . PMID 19667366 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e Wen-Yan Liu, Lin-Lin Jiang, Chun-Jing Guo and Su Sheng Yang: Jeotgalicoccus halophilus sp. nov., isolated from salt lakes In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 61, No. 7, July 2011, pp. 1720-1724, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.022251-0 . PMID 20802063 .
  5. ↑ a b L. Hoyles, MD Collins et al. a .: Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis sp. nov., from a southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 54, No. 3, May 2004, pp. 745-748, doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.02833-0 . ISSN  1466-5026 . PMID 15143018 .
  6. ↑ a b c Y. G. Chen, YQ Zhang et al. a .: Jeotgalicoccus marinus sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from a sea urchin. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 59, No. 7, July 2009, pp. 1625-1629, ISSN  1466-5026 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.002451-0 . PMID 19542134 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e E. Martin, K. Klug u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus coquinae sp. nov. and Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus sp. nov., isolated from poultry houses. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 61, No. 2, February 2011, pp. 237-241, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.021675-0 . PMID 20207804 .
  8. ↑ a b c d K. Schwaiger, C. Hölzel u. a .: Notes on the almost unknown genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: Letters in applied microbiology. Volume 50, No. 4, April 2010, pp. 441-444, ISSN  1472-765X . doi : 10.1111 / j.1472-765X.2010.02811.x . PMID 20156307 .
  9. ^ A b c Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved March 22, 2014 .