Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus
Systematics
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Staphylococcaceae
Genre : Jeotgalicoccus
Type : Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus
Scientific name
Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus
Yoon et al. 2003

Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus is a type of bacteria . It belongs to the Firmicutes department , so the Gram test is positive. The GC content of this type is 40 mol percent. It wasisolatedfrom Korean fermented seafood Jeotgal along with Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans . The species name refers to the ability of the species to tolerate colder temperatures, it is psychrophilic . The genome of the bacterial strain Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus DSM 19085 was sequenced in 2013.

features

Appearance

The cells of Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus are cocci-shaped , with a diameter of 0.6 to 1.1 µm. Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus , like all species of the genus , does not form endospores . The species cannot move on its own, so it is not motile .

On solid culture media , the cells grow into smooth, shiny colonies ; on marine agar , these are pale yellow in color. When viewed from above, the colonies are round to slightly irregular in shape; when viewed from the side, they appear slightly convex. If the incubation period is extended, the colonies - as in the related species Jeotgalicoccus halophilus - form a light pink pigment that diffuses into the nutrient medium .

Growth and metabolism

Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus is heterotrophic , it does not photosynthesize . The metabolism is facultatively anaerobic ; H. the species shows growth and fermentation even under anaerobic conditions - i.e. with the exclusion of oxygen . The pH value for best growth is 7.0–8.0, from a pH value of 5.5 there is no more growth. The species is psychrophilic , so it can reproduce even at low temperatures. The selected species name also refers to this. Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus shows growth in the range from 4 to 34 ° C, the optimal temperature is 20-25 ° C, above 35 ° C there is no more growth. A content of 2 to 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) in the nutrient medium is optimal, values ​​of up to 14% NaCl are tolerated. If no NaCl is present, no growth occurs. Another investigation by Zhu-Xiang Liu et al. a. comes to the conclusion that growth also takes place at 0% NaCl.

The enzyme catalase is present and the oxidase test is positive. In contrast, J. psychrophilus does not have the enzyme urease , so it cannot break down urea . Nor is it capable of reducing nitrates. In the context of chemoorgano-heterotrophic metabolism, J. psychrophilus can from the investigations by Yoon et al. a. tested organic compounds only utilize the sugar sucrose . Acid is formed, but the test result is only slightly positive. According to the results of Zhu-Xiang Liu et al. a. from 2011 D - glucose and maltose can also be used.

Most of the investigated carbohydrates can not be used by J. psychrophilus fermentatively with acid formation. These include, for example, the monosaccharides L - arabinose , D - fructose , D - galactose , D - mannose , L - rhamnose , D - ribose and D - xylose , the disaccharides D - cellobiose , lactose , melibiose and D - trehalose , as well as the trisaccharides D - melezitose and D - raffinose . The sugar alcohols adonitol , D - mannitol , D - sorbitol and myo-inositol are also not used.

Chemotaxonomic Features

The murein layer in the cell wall contains the diamino acid L - lysine as a diagnostically important amino acid in position 3 of the peptide bridge. The peptidoglycan type is A3α, in addition to lysine, the amino acids glycine and L - alanine are also present. As usual for Jeotgalicoccus species, the main menaquinone is MK-7. The fatty acids found in the membrane lipids are mainly molecules with an odd number of carbon atoms (C 15 ) and no double bonds ( saturated fatty acids ). These are the branched-chain fatty acids with the abbreviations anteiso -C15: 0 ( anteiso - pentadecanoic acid ) and iso -C15: 0 ( iso- pentadecanoic acid), their proportion is 33.0 and 18.6%, respectively.

genetics

The genome of the bacterial strain jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus DSM 19085 (the type strain of the species) was 2,013 sequenced and as a "durable design" ( permanently draft published). Previously, the nucleotides of the 16S rRNA, a typical representative of ribosomal RNA for prokaryotes, were determined for phylogenetic studies . The genome has a size of 2346 kilobase pairs (kb), which is about 50% of the genome size of Escherichia coli . The genome was researched as part of the KMG project, in which 1000 genomes of microorganisms ( one thousand microbial genomes ) are sequenced in order to create a “ Genomic Encyclopedia of Type Strains” . In this way, the relationships between the microorganisms should be clarified through phylogenetic studies. The result of the sequencing shows a low GC content (the proportion of the nucleobases guanine and cytosine ) in the bacterial DNA , it is around 40 mol percent. Yoon et al. a. had determined a GC content of 42 mol percent in their investigation in 2003, but used a different determination method with HPLC . A low GC content is typical of the representatives of the order Bacillales and other Firmicutes.

Pathogenicity

Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus is not pathogenic ("pathogenic"), it is assigned to risk group 1 by the Biological Agents Ordinance in conjunction with the TRBA ( Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466 .

Systematics

The species Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus belongs to the family of the Staphylococcaceae in the order of the Bacillales . Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus was founded in 2003 together with J. halotolerans (the type species of this genus ) by Jung-Hoon Yoon et al. a. first described . The bacterial strain J. psychrophilus YKJ-115 discovered in the process is the type strain of the species. It was found in the collections of microorganisms in Korea (as KCCM 41449), Japan (as JCM 11199) and in Germany in the German collection of microorganisms and cell cultures as J psychrophilus DSM 19085 deposited.

In the phylogenetic examination, a relationship to the genus Salinicoccus was found. However, the comparison of the sequence of the 16S rRNA with the examined Salinicoccus species Salinicoccus roseus and Salinicoccus hispanicus showed only a similarity of about 93%, so that a new species in a genus that was also newly established was proposed. Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus also differs from the Salinicoccus species in phenotypic characteristics . For example, S. roseus casein and starch hydrolysis , whereas at J. psychrophilus is not the case. In comparison with S. hispanicus , J. psychrophilus differs from the latter in that it has a negative test for urease and nitrate reduction. Differences between the jointly discovered species J. psychrophilus and J. halotolerans can be seen among others. a. with the carbohydrates that can be used (see overview ).

etymology

The genus name Jeotgalicoccus is derived from the neo-Latin word Jeotgalum and refers to the location of the first described species. It was isolated from Korean fermented seafood Jeotgal . The species name J. psychrophilus is derived from the ancient Greek word psychros (cold) and Greek philos (like something) and refers to the property of the species to tolerate colder temperatures, it is psychrophilic.

ecology

The species was isolated from Korean fermented seafood Jeotgal.

swell

literature

  • Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 421-422 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k J. H. Yoon, KC Lee u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus sp. nov., isolated from the traditional Korean fermented seafood jeotgal. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 53, No. 2, March 2003, pp. 595-602, doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.02132-0 . ISSN  1466-5026 . PMID 12710632 .
  2. ↑ Wen-Yan Liu, Lin-Lin Jiang, Chun-Jing Guo and Su Sheng Yang: Jeotgalicoccus halophilus sp. nov., isolated from salt lakes In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 61, No. 7, July 2011, pp. 1720-1724, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.022251-0 . PMID 20802063 .
  3. ^ A b Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 421-422 .
  4. ↑ a b Zhu-Xiang Liu, Jun Chen u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus nanhaiensis sp. nov., isolated from intertidal sediment, and emended description of the genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 61, No. 9, September 2011, pp. 2029-2034, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.022871-0 . PMID 20851914 .
  5. ↑ a b c Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus DSM 19085. In: Website Genomes Online Database (GOLD) . Retrieved March 23, 2014 .
  6. ↑ Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus strain YKJ-115 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence. In: Nucleotide website of Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Retrieved March 23, 2014 .
  7. ^ A b Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus DSM 19085. In: BioProject website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Retrieved March 23, 2014 .
  8. ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). April 25, 2012, p. 108 , accessed January 7, 2014 .
  9. ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved March 22, 2014 .