Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans

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Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans
Systematics
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Staphylococcaceae
Genre : Jeotgalicoccus
Type : Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans
Scientific name
Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans
Yoon et al. 2003

Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans is a type of bacteria . It belongs to the Firmicutes department , so the Gram test is positive. The GC content of this type is 42 mol percent. It wasisolatedfrom Korean fermented seafood Jeotgal along with Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus . In 2001 the species Planomicrobium koreense was foundin Jeotgal. The species name refers to the ability of the species to tolerate salt in its environment, it is halotolerant .

features

Appearance

The cells of Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans are cocci- shaped , with a diameter of 0.6–1.1 µm. Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans , like all species of the genus , does not form endospores . The species cannot move on its own, so it is not motile .

On solid culture media , the cells grow into smooth, shiny colonies ; on marine agar , these are pale yellow in color. When viewed from above, the colonies are round to slightly irregular in shape; when viewed from the side, they appear slightly convex. If the incubation period is extended, the colonies - as in the related species Jeotgalicoccus halophilus - form a light pink pigment that diffuses into the nutrient medium .

Growth and metabolism

Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans is heterotrophic , it does not photosynthesize . The metabolism is facultatively anaerobic ; H. the species shows growth and fermentation even under anaerobic conditions - i.e. with the exclusion of oxygen . The pH for best growth is 7.0–8.0. The species grows at 4 to 42 ° C, the optimal temperature is 30–35 ° C. Another investigation by Zhu-Xiang Liu et al. a. comes to the conclusion that growth only occurs up to 40 ° C. A sodium chloride (NaCl) content of 0–20% in the nutrient medium is tolerated; if the NaCl content is 21% or more, no more growth occurs. The optimal NaCl content is between 2 and 5%, so the species is halotolerant .

The enzyme catalase is present and the oxidase test is positive. On the other hand, J. halotolerans does not have the enzyme urease and is not able to reduce nitrate. In the context of chemoorgano-heterotrophic metabolism, J. halotolerans can use several organic compounds as carbon sources and utilize them fermentatively with acid formation, including the carbohydrates L - arabinose , D - mannose and D - ribose as well as the sugar alcohol D - mannitol . According to the results of Zhu-Xiang Liu et al. a. from 2011 D - glucose can also be used.

Carbohydrates that cannot be used are, for example, the monosaccharides D - fructose , D - galactose , L - rhamnose and D - xylose , the disaccharides D - cellobiose , lactose , maltose , melibiose , sucrose and D - trehalose , as well as the trisaccharides D - Melezitose and D - raffinose . The sugar alcohols adonitol , D - sorbitol and myo-inositol are also not used.

Chemotaxonomic Features

The murein layer in the cell wall contains the diamino acid L - lysine as a diagnostically important amino acid in position 3 of the peptide bridge. The peptidoglycan type is A3α, in addition to lysine, the amino acids glycine and L - alanine are also present. As usual for Jeotgalicoccus species, the main menaquinone is MK-7.

The fatty acids found in the membrane lipids are mainly molecules with an odd number of carbon atoms (C 15 ) and no double bonds ( saturated fatty acids ). These are the branched-chain fatty acids with the abbreviations anteiso -C15: 0 ( anteiso - pentadecanoic acid ) and iso -C15: 0 ( iso- pentadecanoic acid), their proportion is 33.5 and 16.7%, respectively. In addition, the branched fatty acid iso -C16: 0 ( iso - hexadecanoic acid ) is also found in larger quantities, with a share of 12.6%. The GC content in the DNA of Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans is 42 mol percent. The genome has not yet been fully sequenced (as of 2014) . However, the nucleotides of the 16S rRNA, a typical representative of ribosomal RNA for prokaryotes , were determined for phylogenetic studies .

Pathogenicity

Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans is not pathogenic ("pathogenic"), it is assigned to risk group 1 by the Biological Agents Ordinance in conjunction with the TRBA ( Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466 .

Systematics

The species Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans belongs to the family of the Staphylococcaceae in the order of the Bacillales . Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans is the type species of its genus and was founded in 2003 by Jung-Hoon Yoon et al. Together with J. psychrophilus . a. first described . The bacterial strain J. halotolerans YKJ-101 discovered in the process is the type strain of the species. It was deposited in the collections of microorganisms in Korea and Japan.

In the phylogenetic examination, a relationship to the genus Salinicoccus was found. However, the comparison of the sequence of the 16S rRNA with the examined Salinicoccus species Salinicoccus roseus and Salinicoccus hispanicus showed only a similarity of about 93%, so that a new species in a genus that was also newly established was proposed. Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans also differs from the Salinicoccus species in phenotypic characteristics . For example, S. roseus casein and starch hydrolysis , whereas at J. halotolerans is not the case. In comparison with S. hispanicus , J. halotolerans differs from it in that it has a negative test for urease and the reduction in nitrate. Differences between the jointly discovered species J. halotolerans and J. psychrophilus can be seen among other things. a. with the carbohydrates that can be used.

etymology

The genus name Jeotgalicoccus is derived from the neo-Latin word Jeotgalum and refers to the location of the first described species. It was isolated from fermented Korean seafood Jeotgal . The species name J. halotolerans is derived from the ancient Greek word hals (salt) and the Latin word tolerans (to tolerate) and refers to the property of the species to tolerate salt in its environment, it is halotolerant.

ecology

The species was isolated from the Korean fish sauce Jeotgal.

swell

literature

  • Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 421-422 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k JH Yoon, KC Lee u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus sp. nov., isolated from the traditional Korean fermented seafood jeotgal. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 53, No. 2, March 2003, pp. 595-602, doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.02132-0 . ISSN  1466-5026 . PMID 12710632 .
  2. ↑ Wen-Yan Liu, Lin-Lin Jiang, Chun-Jing Guo and Su Sheng Yang: Jeotgalicoccus halophilus sp. nov., isolated from salt lakes In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 61, No. 7, July 2011, pp. 1720-1724, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.022251-0 . PMID 20802063 .
  3. ^ A b c Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 421-422 .
  4. ↑ a b Zhu-Xiang Liu, Jun Chen u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus nanhaiensis sp. nov., isolated from intertidal sediment, and emended description of the genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 61, No. 9, September 2011, pp. 2029-2034, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.022871-0 . PMID 20851914 .
  5. ↑ Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans strain YKJ-101 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence. In: Website Nucleotide of Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Retrieved March 22, 2014 .
  6. ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). April 25, 2012, p. 108 , accessed January 7, 2014 .
  7. ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved February 4, 2014 .