Staphylococcaceae
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| Schleifer & Bell , 2010 |
The Staphylococcaceae are a family of bacteria . These are gram-positive bacteria whose cell walls consist of many layers of so-called murein ( peptidoglycan ).
features
The Staphylococcaceae family, newly described in 2010, comprises gram-positive bacteria from the order of the Bacillales . The GC content (the proportion of the nucleobases guanine and cytosine ) in the bacterial DNA is - as in all Firmicutes - low. The second large group of gram-positive bacteria, Actinobacteria , on the other hand, have a high GC content.
For the species of this family it applies that they do not form endospores as persistence forms and the cells are cocci-shaped and immobile. The species in this family are usually facultative anaerobic , they are catalase- positive, but can differ in the oxidase test . This is negative in Staphylococcus , but positive in the other genera. If there is no oxygen available, various types reduce nitrate to nitrite or to ammonium ( denitrification ). In denitrification as a form of anaerobic respiration, nitrate acts as an electron acceptor instead of oxygen.
Systematics
Current system
Genera of this family are (as of 2015):
- Jeotgalicoccus Yoon et al. 2003 emend. Liu et al. 2011
- Macrococcus Kloos et al. 1998
- Nosocomiicoccus Morais et al. 2008
- Salinicoccus Ventosa et al. 1990
- Staphylococcus Rosenbach 1884
Changed system
In the 1950s, the distinguishing features of the then known genera Staphylococcus and Micrococcus were not yet clearly defined. Separation appeared to be sensible because of the behavior towards oxygen (facultative anaerobic or strictly aerobic) and because of the GC content (low or high), but both genera were assigned to the common family Micrococcaceae . The genera Salinicoccus and Macrococcus newly described in the 1990s were also assigned here.
More and more defined chemotaxonomic distinguishing features and phylogenetic investigations of 16S rRNA - a representative of ribosomal RNA typical for prokaryotes - then led to the realization that the systematics of these bacteria must be fundamentally redefined. In 2001 it was proposed to combine the genera Staphylococcus , Gemella , Salinicoccus and Macrococcus in a common family and thus to separate them from the Micrococcaceae.
On the basis of further investigations, Schleifer and Bell made the proposal in 2009 to introduce a new family Staphylococcaceae, which includes the genera Staphylococcus , Jeotgalicoccus , Macrococcus and Salinicoccus known at the time . This proposal was then recognized as a valid taxon with publication in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM) in 2010 . This procedure is prescribed in the Bacteriological Code (English for "Bacteriological Code") for the systematics of bacteria .
The genus Gemella was also included in the Staphylococcaceae family until 2009 (which at that time was not yet recognized in terms of the bacterial systematics). However, it could be shown that Gemella differs so strongly from the other genera due to some characteristics that the assignment to a common family no longer seemed justifiable.
swell
literature
- Paul De Vos et al. a. (Ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd Edition. tape 3 : The Firmicutes . Springer, New York 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 .
- Martin Dworkin et al. a. (Ed.): The Prokaryotes. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria . 3. Edition. tape 4 : Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria . Springer, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25494-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Friedrich Götz, Tammy Bannerman, Karl-Heinz Schleifer: The Genera Staphylococcus and Macrococcus (Chapter 1.2.1) . In: Martin Dworkin u. a. (Ed.): The Prokaryotes. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria . 3. Edition. tape 4 : Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria. Springer, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25494-4 , doi : 10.1007 / 0-387-30744-3_1 .
- ^ A b Karl-Heinz Schleifer, Julia A. Bell: Family VIII. Staphylococcaceae fam. nov . In: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd Edition. tape 3 : The Firmicutes . Springer, New York 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 392-433 .
- ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Family Staphylococcaceae. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved March 21, 2015 .
- ^ Jean Euzéby: List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published - Validation List no.132 . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 60 , no. 3 , March 8, 2010, ISSN 1466-5026 , p. 469-472 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.022855-0 .
- ^ Wolfgang Ludwig, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes . In: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd Edition. tape 3 : The Firmicutes . Springer, New York 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 1–13 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-0-387-68489-5_1 .
