Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis

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Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis
Systematics
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Staphylococcaceae
Genre : Jeotgalicoccus
Type : Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis
Scientific name
Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis
Hoyles et al. 2004

Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis is a type of bacteria . It wasisolatedfrom a swab taken from the mouth of a southern elephant seal (a species of seal). The species name also relates to this, Pinnipedia is the scientific name of the seals . According to the code of the bacteria nomenclature , the grammatical gender of the bacteria name is male. He belongs to the Firmicutes division , for whose representatives a positive Gram test is typical. The GC content of this type is 38.6  mol% .

features

Appearance

The cells of Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis are cocci-shaped and 0.7 to 1.0  µm in diameter . They occur in grape-shaped piles (as is common with staphylococci ), in pairs or in tetrads. Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis , like all species of the genus , does not form endospores . The species cannot move on its own, so it is not motile . The Gram staining is positive, the Ziehl-Neelsen staining shows that there is no acid-resistant cell wall .

On Columbia blood agar with 5% sheep blood, the cells grow into colonies about 2 mm in size and have a sand-colored to beige coloration. There is no hemolysis of the blood. When viewed from above, the colonies are round in shape; when viewed from the side, they appear convexly raised. The colonies look similar on other culture media , which usually contain peptone .

Growth and metabolism

Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis is heterotrophic and does not photosynthesize . The metabolism is facultatively anaerobic ; H. the species also shows growth under anaerobic conditions - i.e. with the exclusion of oxygen. An increased concentration of carbon dioxide does not promote growth. The pH for best growth is 7.0–8.0. The species grows at 25 to 42 ° C. At 4 ° C there is no more growth, this is what distinguishes it from Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus . A content of 2 to 6% sodium chloride (NaCl) in the nutrient medium is tolerated. If no NaCl is present, no growth occurs. If the NaCl content is 14% or more, no more growth takes place, this is what distinguishes it from Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans .

The enzyme catalase is present and the oxidase test is positive. The enzyme urease is not present. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite . Gelatin can be broken down by hydrolysis , but J. pinnipedialis can not hydrolyze the substrate hippuric acid, nor is it capable of splitting aesculin . The Voges-Proskauer reaction is negative, no acetoin is formed.

In order to learn more about the chemoorgano-heterotrophic metabolism, Lesley Hoyles et al. investigates which organic compounds J. pinnipedialis can utilize. It was found that the carbohydrates and sugar alcohols used in the oxidation-fermentation test or in miniaturized test systems are not utilized by fermentation with acid formation. These include, for example, the monosaccharides arabinose , fructose , glucose , mannose , ribose and D - xylose , the disaccharides cellobiose , lactose , maltose , melibiose , sucrose , trehalose and turanose , the trisaccharide raffinose and the polysaccharide glycogen . The sugar alcohols mannitol and xylitol are also not used. Another study by Wen-Yan Liu et al. a. As part of the discovery of Jeotgalicoccus halophilus , 2011 led to the result that D- glucose and sucrose can be used, but the result in the oxidation-fermentation test is only weakly positive.

Chemotaxonomy

As usual for Jeotgalicoccus species, the main menaquinone is MK-7. The fatty acids found in the membrane lipids are mainly molecules with an odd number of carbon atoms (C 15 ) and no double bonds ( saturated fatty acids ). These are the branched-chain fatty acids with the abbreviations anteiso -C15: 0 ( anteiso - pentadecanoic acid ) and iso -C15: 0 ( iso- pentadecanoic acid), their proportion is 60.0 and 22.9%, respectively. The lipids in the cell membrane contain phosphoglycerides (phosphatidylglycerin), diphosphatidylglycerin , phosphatidylinositol and an unidentified phospholipid . Glycolipids or aminolipids do not occur.

genetics

The GC content (the proportion of the nucleobases guanine and cytosine ) in the DNA of Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis is 38.6  mol% . The genome has not yet been fully sequenced (as of 2014) . However, the nucleotides of the 16S rRNA, a typical representative of ribosomal RNA for prokaryotes , were determined for phylogenetic studies .

2012 took place at the Agricultural University of China in Beijing an investigation, the extent to which the multi-resistance of Staphylococcus aureus coding gene occurs cfr in related bacterial species as non-pathogenic commensal in domestic pigs can be found. These include Macrococcus caseolyticus and Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis . 391 bacterial isolates were obtained from the pigs with the help of nasal swabs , of which 75 could be assigned to the two species mentioned. In one isolate of J. pinnipedialis , the cfr gene could be detected with the aid of PCR ( polymerase chain reaction ). It is located on a plasmid called pJP1, which is approximately 53 kilobase pairs (kb) in size. In their report, the Chinese researchers point out that non- pathogenic bacteria present in the environment can contribute to the spread of plasmid-linked multi-resistance genes.

Pathogenicity

Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis is not pathogenic ("pathogenic") and is assigned to risk group 1 by the Biological Agents Ordinance in conjunction with the TRBA ( Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466 .

Systematics

The species Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis belongs to the family of the Staphylococcaceae in the order of the Bacillales . These regulations belong to the Firmicutes department . J. pinnipedialis was founded in 2004 by Lesley Hoyles et al. a. first described . The bacterial strain J. pinnipedialis A / G14 / 99 / 10T discovered in the process is the type strain of the species. It was deposited in the collections of microorganisms in Sweden (as CCUG 42722) and France (as CIP 107946).

During the phylogenetic investigation, a relationship to the genera Jeotgalicoccus and Salinicoccus was established. The comparison of the sequences of the 16S rRNA showed a similarity of 93 and 91%, respectively. Furthermore, Hoyles et al. a. created a phylogenetic tree based on the neighbor joining method . The newly discovered bacterial strain forms its own line as a branch of the group formed by J. halotolerans and J. psychrophilus (the only representatives of the genus until 2004). The classification in the genus Jeotgalicoccus is supported by phenotypic characteristics, for example the composition of the fatty acids in the cell membrane and the occurrence of MK-7 as the main menaquinone. The related genus Salinicoccus, however, has MK-6 as the main menaquinone. Differences to the species J. halotolerans and J. psychrophilus discovered in 2003 can be seen among others. a. in growth at different temperatures and sodium chloride contents in the nutrient medium (see overview ).

etymology

The genus name Jeotgalicoccus is derived from the neo-Latin word Jeotgalum and refers to the location of the first described species. It was isolated from Korean fermented seafood Jeotgal . The species name J. pinnipedialis refers to seals (scientific name: Pinnipedia), also means pinniped in English "seal". J. pinnipedialis was isolated in a swab from the mouth of a southern elephant seal ( Mirounga leonina ).

ecology

Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis was discovered in the oral flora of a seal in 2004 , at the time of discovery no further information about its habitat was given. Later it was detected when examining nasal swabs from pigs, where it is a commensal part of the microorganism society. Scientists at the Technical University of Munich suspect that it and other representatives of the genus are widespread in the environment, but that they have not yet been discovered or identified. One reason for this is the similarity with the genus Staphylococcus , with which they can easily be confused and which - in contrast to Jeotgalicoccus - has been known for a long time.

swell

literature

  • Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey '???? s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 421-422 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l L. Hoyles, MD Collins u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis sp. nov., from a southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 54, No. 3, May 2004, pp. 745-748, doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.02833-0 . ISSN  1466-5026 . PMID 15143018 .
  2. ↑ a b c Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, William B. Whitman: Bergey '???? s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3 : The Firmicutes . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9 , pp. 421-422 .
  3. ↑ a b Jung-Hoon Yoon, Keun-Chul Lee u. a .: Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus sp. nov., isolated from the traditional Korean fermented seafood jeotgal. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 53, No. 2, March 2003, pp. 595-602, doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.02132-0 . ISSN  1466-5026 . PMID 12710632 .
  4. ↑ Wen-Yan Liu, Lin-Lin Jiang, Chun-Jing Guo and Su Sheng Yang: Jeotgalicoccus halophilus sp. nov., isolated from salt lakes In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 61, No. 7, July 2011, pp. 1720-1724, ISSN  1466-5034 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.022251-0 . PMID 20802063 .
  5. ↑ Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis strain A / G14 / 99/10 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence. In: Website Nucleotide of Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Retrieved March 23, 2014 .
  6. ↑ a b Yang Wang, Yu Wang et al. a .: Detection of the staphylococcal multiresistance gene cfr in Macrococcus caseolyticus and Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis. In: The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. Volume 67, No. 8, August 2012, pp. 1824-1827, ISSN  1460-2091 . doi : 10.1093 / jac / dks163 . PMID 22577104 .
  7. ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). April 25, 2012, p. 108 , accessed January 7, 2014 .
  8. ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved March 23, 2014 .
  9. ↑ K. Schwaiger, C. Hölzel a. a .: Notes on the almost unknown genus Jeotgalicoccus. In: Letters in applied microbiology. Volume 50, No. 4, April 2010, pp. 441-444, ISSN  1472-765X . doi : 10.1111 / j.1472-765X.2010.02811.x . PMID 20156307 .